1 October A certain web site about Thomas Browne offers meticulous full-text transcriptions of Browne's works and biographies on Browne. 2 October 2 October Even musicians make lists of books. While others asked Bowie to make one, Garfunkel proudly displays his on his official site. 3 October In the Introduction to his A Lifetime's Reading, Philip Ward makes note of UNESCO's Tentative List of Representative Works of World Literature, including roughly 1500 literary works, published in 1972. Ward pronounces it a failure, "due to the outrageous imbalance by which almost every language spoken by a Unesco member state had to be represented by a book. There were fewer books in Chinese than in Dutch, or Polish, or Portuguese." This critique is misleading; such a requirement would've created an imbalance only if it had mandated a single work for each language. As we've seen from the "great books" lists transcribed here, the presence of more works in European languages than in Chinese (or Arabic, etc.) is no surprise, even from the U N. Moreover, the UNESCO project leaders made the right choice in categorizing the works by language, not nation or ethnicity. This list is too massive for me to consider including in the project at this point. The document linked-to above presents its own problems. The introductory portion asserts that the titles are given in their original languages, but many of them (perhaps just written in languages that don't use the Roman alphabet) are actually given in French. 4 October Another excellent online resource: Pragmatism Cybrary. The Library of Congress site for The Making of America in Books and Periodicals [defunct!], as well as the Cornell University and University of Michigan versions. All three institutions have contibuted to the project, but do they all need their own interfaces and search mechanisms? Apparently they don't overlap. I'm not sure. And a couple sites allowing for comparison of texts in the original Greek and as translated into English: The Little Sailing and Ancient Greek Online. 5 October Five of the eight movie lists rank the films, so that, as with music-album lists, we see a contrast with "great books" lists, which tend not to rank the list entries. Starting with just the top five of each list, we can see which of those appeared on the most lists. So, the films ranked 1-5 which appeared on... ...8 of the 8 lists: Citizen Kane The Godfather The Godfather Part II Singin' in the Rain The Searchers Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans ...7 of the 8 lists: Casablanca [not in Village Voice] Chinatown [not in Maltin] Raging Bull [not in Village Voice] 2001: A Space Odyssey [not in Time] Vertigo [not in Time] ...6 of the 8 lists: Seven Samurai [not in Time or A F I] Tokyo Story [not in Maltin or A F I] ...5 of the 8 lists: Rules of the Game [not in Time, Maltin, or A F I] ...2 of the 8 lists: Andrei Rublev [only in Moving Arts and B F I/ Sight and Sound] 6 October An excellent article on film canons, and canons in general, by Adrian Martin: Light My Fire: The Geology and Geography of Film Canons. Interesting to see to what extent the problems with film canons he defines also apply to "great books" lists... 7 October Playlists, a former phrase actually warranting its new non-hyphenated status, in this age of D J's and the M P 3 likely shape our listening experiences and our understanding of music to a greater extent than sequences of album tracks as determined by artists, producers, etc. The tendency with playlists has been toward personalized lists: tracks reflecting a theme, a state of mind, or a set of experiences. I want nothing to do with this. Granted, especially when I'm listening to music requiring closer, focused listening (Free Jazz, modern Classical, experimental, what have you), a compilation of tracks sometimes helps me stay more interested than when listening to whole albums. But, for popular music, I listen to whole albums. In other words, I never listened to much radio--even when I D J'ed at a college radio station! I prefer thinking of albums, not tracks, as the entities constituting a listening experience. Undoubtedly, though, compilations can be useful (or essential, in the case of artists who never made much in the way of albums), and even fun. For example, the Streetsounds comps of the 1980's, thankfully digitized by a certain Omar Hash, whose site unfortunately seems to be on hiatus, if not defunct. Also, occasionally, when pondering the deficiencies of most "greatest hits" compilations, I can't help but think of my own versions. The problem with those comps is that often only offer hits, or album tracks that could've been singles. Superior album tracks that the casual listener might find weird or annoying are ignored. I developed my own "greatest hits" for The Doors, divided into four L P sides, when listening to all of their albums last year--namely, the 2007 remasters that in some cases featured new mixes of the tracks. Whether the tracks were released as singles does not factor. That said, I want the playlist to cover their entire recording output, serving as a sort of musical history of the band. I've also been tweaking a longer Neil Young playlist that I'll post later this week. Break on Through People Are Strange Love Me Two Times Light My Fire The Crystal Ship Alabama Song -- Spanish Caravan Unknown Soldier Five to One L A Women -- Roadhouse Blues Waiting for the Sun Touch Me Hello, I Love You Strange Days -- Riders on the Storm My Wild Love The End 8 October Earth's Angels of Darkness, Demons of Light, with both parts I [2011] and II [2012] considered together, is one of several double or triple L P epics that define the last few years of popular music, including: 2009: The Flaming Lips - Embryonic. Developed and sequenced as both a double C D and L P, but more widely made available as a single C D, since the two halves fit on a single disc. Oneida - Rated O. Both a triple C D and L P, so no surprises if listening to the L P version. 2010: Excepter - Presidence. Two C D's, no L P version. If there had been, two of the tracks, 'Presidence' and 'Og', would have been split into two sides, as they're both around a half-hour long; in general, the album's a mess by their standards; the tracks collectively titled 'Teleportation', also totaling around a half hour, would've made for an excellent single L P; another L P could've consisted of 'The Open Well' on one side with 'Leng' and 'The Anti-Noah' on another. Joanna Newsom - Have One on Me. Triple C D and L P, same set-up as Rated O--the C D's aren't long enough to cause sequencing problems for the L P's. 2011: Kate Bush - 50 Words for Snow. Single C D, double L P; side A's too long and B's too short, but overall it's sequence of tracks works well in both formats. Lou Reed/ Metallica - Lulu. Double C D and double L P; sequence works fine for both formats. 2012: Swans - The Seer. Different sequence of tracks for the triple L P and the double C D. The Discogs entries give you the lowdown. Scott Walker - Bish Bosch. Single C D and double L P. Sequence fits L P version perfectly. Neil Young - Psychedelic Pill. Double C D and five-sided "sesquialbum" [see below], same sequence. 2013: The Invisible Hands - The Invisible Hands. Double L P, the same songs by Alan Bishop, formerly of Sun City Girls, recorded twice with a Cairo-based band, once in English, once in Arabic. C D version only contains English-language versions. The Knife - Shaking the Habitual. Double C D and triple L P, same sequence; the L P sides are awfully short--a good example of not ruining the sound quality of the L P with narrow grooves [see below]. Since the C D supplanted the cassette and L P around 1990, albums have generally been too long. A positive side effect, though, is that those artists who give more thought to issues of sequencing, and have understood the need to avoid unnecessarily-long albums, challenge themselves by making more double and triple L P's. Then again, artists realizing they have on their hands an album that works best being 50-60 minutes long can accept an impractical, but audiophile, solution: refuse to stretch the length of L P sides, instead putting out a short double L P or a 3-sided L P. Some double L P's you may not have known were doubles, or certainly are not commonly referred to as doubles (in some cases with short sides or bonus tracks to make the sides not so short): Sonic Youth - Dirty Frank Black - Teenager of the Year The Verve - A Northern Soul Radiohead - O K Computer The Flaming Lips - The Soft Bulletin Bob Dylan - "Love and Theft" The Knife - Silent Shout Panda Bear - Person Pitch Animal Collective - Feels; Strawberry Jam; Merriweather Post Pavilion Taking a broader historical perspective now, some 3-sided L P's (besides both of the Angels of Darkness, Demons of Light albums)--and no, this category doesn't include L P's with a bonus seven-inch, such as Pavement's Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain, or double L P's with such, like Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life): Johnny Winter - Second Winter Keith Jarrett - Eye of the Heart Joe Jackson - Big World Julian Cope - Jehovahkill Thurston Moore - Psychic Hearts Pavement - Wowee Zowee Built to Spill - Perfect From Now On Of Montreal - The Sunlandic Twins (third side referred to as an E P, but it is not: an E P would have the five tracks spread across two 45-R P M sides, instead of all five on a single 33-and-1/3-R P M side) The Wikipedia section on sesquialbums notes the Norwegian band Motorpsycho, the true stars in this realm with two three-sided L P's and one five-sided. Besides Neil Young (noted above), The Mars Volta also have a five-sided album, Frances the Mute. 9 October The rules I'm using to establish if a work not originally published as a monograph, but which ultimately took some monographic form, indeed counts as a monograph in the "great books" project have changed slightly over the course of the year; and some exceptions have popped up. Examples of Rule(s): Ezra Pound's Cantos is the most-glaringly obvious of those works consisting of several monographs and, in this case, works published in periodicals as well. Leaves of Grass is another example that stands out, but for a different reason: a work that changed considerably over the course of nearly four decades. One of our listmakers, Harold Bloom, prefers to list two editions of the work. Plays are counted as monographs even when originally published in anthologies, such as George Bernard Shaw's Candida, Arms and the Man, and You Can Never Tell, all three published as Plays Pleasant [1898]. Two J D Salinger works, Franny and Zooey [1961] and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction [1961], as their titles hint, each consist of two stories originally published separately, all in the New Yorker magazine. Since they were published as two monographs by the author himself, and those editions have become the standard versions, they count here as monographs. The same goes for Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio--but the rule's applicability in that case is more obvious, as only ten of the 22 stories had been published prior to the book being developed and published. Examples of Exceptions: Charles Lamb's Essays of Elia were published serially, 1820-25, but since they were soon published in book form, as Essays of Elia [1823] and Last Essays of Elia [1833], those works count as monographs. So far, not an exception. The problem comes in that the three pertinent listmakers (Baldwin, Powys, and the Jasper Lee Company) only list Essays of Elia. Since the phrase, "essays of Elia," often refers to all of the essays (that is, both anthologies) we can't say for certain that only the first book is being listed. I've decided to include both. William Butler Yeats's Autobiography is included in two lists (Magill and Fadiman). We know from the description in the book that the later (1955) version is what's included in Magill's list; for Fadiman's, we're not sure. That later version consisted of six different monographs; an earlier, 1938 version included only three of them. Given that the contents of the book changed; and surely could change in the future, with the addition perhaps of other autobiographical works, however minor, I'm including all six works separately. This is an exception because we want to give priority to a work's final manifestation, while making note of its original place of publication and title changes, or titles of constituent works (as in Pound's Cantos above). An important consideration here is that the later version of the Autobiography is a posthumous compilation. 10 October Neil Young's "Greatest Hits (Through 1980)"--indeed, the exclusion of 'Mr. Soul', 'Expecting to Fly', 'The Old Laughing Lady', 'Down by the River', 'Cowgirl in the Sand', 'Southern Man', 'Heart of Gold', 'Cortez the Killer', 'Long May You Run', 'Will to Love', and 'Look Out for My Love' is no accident. I just wanted to limit this to a double album. I like the idea of bonus seven-inch's with the versions of 'A Man Needs a Maid' and 'Don't Let It Get You Down' from the Live at Massey album on one, and the original recordings of two songs, 'White Line' and 'Hold Back the Tears' (from the legendary lost albums Homegrown and Chrome Dreams, respectively, both re-recorded in significantly-different versions for the albums Ragged Glory and American Stars 'n' Bars, respectively), on the other; and maybe, hidden C D tracks of the Rolling Stones's 'Lady Jane' and Carole King's 'He's a Bad Boy' just for a laugh. Dangerbird Old Man I Believe in You World on a String Only Love Can Break Your Heart Borrowed Tune -- Helpless Walk On Pocahontas After the Gold Rush Don't Be Denied Tonight's the Night -- Like a Hurricane Hey Hey, My My (Out of the Blue) Pardon My Heart Powderfinger Campaigner Don't Cry No Tears -- Out on the Weekend Birds Cinnamon Girl Ohio See the Sky About to Rain On the Beach 11 October Great Literature of the Eastern World: The Major Works of Prose, Poetry and Drama From China, India, Japan, Korea and the Middle East [1996], edited by Ian P McGreal, and its companion, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World: The Major Thinkers and the Philosophical and Religious Classics of China, India, Japan, Korea, and the World of Islam [1995] together offer us a list considerably longer than it might initially seem, because of the inclusion of a multitude of works under many of the entries, especially when you get to the entries of modern Japanese writers like 'The Novels of Mishima Yukio'. The inclusion of many obscure, at times inaccessible (to me!) works also means that, while in the long run I'd like to include it, for now it's being set aside. I cannot get the bibliographic research needed to collate this list with the others done within, say, a year, so to include it only partially would give users of the Greater Books site a misleading impression of the degree to which non-Western works are featured there. Note that, formally, McGreal, in 1995, considered the Thinkers volume to be a companion to his Great Thinkers of the Western World: The Major Ideas and Classic Works of More Than 100 Outstanding Western Philosophers, Physical and Social Scientists, Psychologists, Religious Writers, and Theologians [1992], but for us that latter work is not pertinent to this project, being limited to non-fiction works. With the publication of the Literature volume, McGreal created another companion to Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. As he notes in the Preface to the former, "Some of the Eastern classics that one might expect to find in Great Literature of the Eastern World are not here only because they are philosophical/religious works prominently featured in this book's predecessor, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World. [...] Great Thinkers of the Eastern World emphasizes ideas and their place in philosophical and religious perspectives; the present volume concerns itself with expression of human experience through literature—through the use of images, recitals of significant events or moments, and reflection on what has happened in life" [original emphasis]. A few works are discussed in both; for our purposes, since the two McGreal projects are being combined to form one list, they will be counted once. The underlined text is the section title; it is followed by, in both the books and the transcriptions here, on the first line, by the original title or alternate titles, if any; on the second line, the authors or a note about the work's authorship; and on the third, the date of composition, if given (for some of the entries, only the author's birth and date dates are given; these are not transcribed here). The literary form is also sometimes given, but it is not copied here. China: The Book of Poetry Shijing (Shih Ching) (Sometimes translated as the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes) Unknown Poems date from tenth to sixth centuries B C; believed to have been edited by Confucius (d. 479 B C) The Book of Changes Yijing (I-ching) Unknown; Composite work Origins unclear; probably not put together as a coherent text until the ninth century B C (The so-called 'Ten Wings' were added in the early Han Dynasty [206 B C-A D 221]) The Book of History Shujing (Shu Ching), Shang Shu, or Shu Unknown. Contains imperial court documents (some believed to be later forgeries) from the earliest rulers down to the Zhou dynasty Oldest material was written between the tenth and sixth centuries B C The Commentaries of Zuo (Tso) on The Spring and Autumn Annuals Zuo zhuan (Tso chuan) Zuo Qiu-ming (Tso Ch'iu-ming) Transmitted orally for generations, written down in the late fourth century B C The Book of the Way Daode jing (Tao-te ching) or Laozi (Lao-zu) Traditionally attributed to Laozi, but authorship unknown c. 300 B C The Art of War Sunzi bingfa (Sun-tzu ping fa), also known simply as Sunzi (Sun-tzu, sometimes Sun Tzu) Unknown. The traditionally recognized author is Sun Wu, usually known as Sunzi (Sun-tzu), Sun being the surname, Wu the given name, and zi (tzu) a suffix indicating aristocratic lineage Traditional date of composition: c. 500 B C. Probable actual date of composition: c. 300 B C The Poetry of Qu Yuan (Ch'ü Yüan) Qu Yuan (Ch'ü Yüan), also known as Qu Ping (Ch'ü Ping) 'Encountering Sorrow', 'Nine Songs', 'Heaven Questions' The Book of Rites Liji (Li-chi) (Also translated as Record of Ritual) Composite work of ancient texts Compiled during Han dynasty (206 B C-A D 222) The Book of Huainanzi (Huai-nan Tzu) King Liu An, King of Huainan (and Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu [Tso Wu], Tian You [T'ien Yu], Lei Bei [Lei Pei], Mao Bei [Mao Pei], Wu Bei [Wu Pei], Jin Chan [Chin Ch'ang], and other unnamed literati) Completed 139 B C Records of the Grand Historian Shiji (Shih-chi) Sima Qian (Ssu-ma Ch'ien) Intrigues of the Warring States Zhanguoce (Chan-kuo ts'e) Unknown No later than 8 B C The Poetry of Tao Yuanming (T'ao Yüan-ming) Tao Yuanming (T'ao Yüan-ming), also known as Tao Qian (T'ao Ch'ien) 'Returning to My Old Home', 'At the Beginning of Spring in the Year Kuei-Mao (Guimao)', 'Returning to Live in the Country', 'Return Home!', 'Peach Blossom Font' The Poetry of Xie Lingyuan (Hsieh Ling-yün) Also known as Xie Kangle (Hsieh K'ang-lo), Duke of Kangle (Duke of K'ang-lo) 'Passing Through My Shining [Shih-ning] Estate', 'Leaving West Archery Hall at Dusk', 'On My Way from South Mountain to North Mountain, I Glance at the Scenery from the Lake', 'Journeying the Stream: Following the Jinzhu Torrent I Cross the Mountain' Selections of Refined Literature Wen xuan (Wen hsüan) Xiao Tong (Hsiao T'ung), Crown Prince Zhaoming (Chao-ming) of the Liang c. A D 526 The Poetry of Wang Wei The Wang River poems, poems of Cloud Valley, 'Morning Audience', 'The Emperor Commands a Poem Be Written and Sent to My Friend, Prefect Wei Xi', 'From Puti Monastery', 'Living in the Hills', 'Hibiscus Hill', 'Bamboo Lodge', 'Deer Park', 'Goodbye to Tsu the Third at Chichou' The Poetry of Li Bo (Li Po) Also known as Li Bai (Li Pai) 'Quiet Night Thoughts', 'Ancient Airs' [59 poems], 'The Road to Shu Is Hard', 'Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon' The Poetry of Du Fu (Tu Fu) 'Ballad of Pengya', 'Northward Journey', 'Expressing My Feelings on Going from the Capital to Fengxian Prefecture', 'Ballad of the Army Carts', 'The Recruiting Officer of Shihao', 'Lament for the Prince', 'The Separation of an Old Man', 'Twenty Miscellaneous Poems from Quinzhou', 'Autumn Inspirations', 'Autumn Wastes', 'Yangtze and Han Rivers' The Poetry of Hanshan (Han Shan) Kanzan (in Japanese); also known as Cold Mountain The 'Cold Mountain' poems The Prose Works of Han Yu (Han Yü) 'Tracing the Origins of the Way', 'Offering to the Crocodiles', 'Disquisition on Teachers', 'Preface Sending Off Meng Jiao [Meng Chiao]', 'Memorial on the Buddha Bone', 'Biography of Mao Ying [Tipp O'Hair]' The Poetry of Bo Juyi (Po Chü-yi) Boshi Changqing ji (Master Bo's Changqing Era Collection); 'Song of Everlasting Regret', 'Songs of Qin [Ch'in], 'New Ballads' The Poetry of Li He (Li Ho) 'Divine Strings', 'Matters Sealed in Green Writings', 'Ballad of a Pained Heart', 'Thirteen Poems from My Southern Garden', 'Song of General Lü', 'Changgu' The Prose Works of Quyang Xiu (Ou-yang Hsiu) Various memorials submitted to the Court, expository essays on political matters, obituaries, New Tang History, New History of the Five Dynasties, Postscripts to Collected Ancient Inscriptions, 'Record of The Old Drunkard's Pavilion', 'The Autumn Sound' The Poetry of Su Shi (Su Shih) Also known as Su Dongpo (Su Tung-p'o) Southern Travels Collection, 'On the Yangzi Watching the Hills', 'Written on the Wall at West Forest Temple', 'Prose Poems on the Red Cliff' Romance of the Western Chamber Xixiang ji (Hsi-hsiang chi) Wang Shifu (Wang Shih-fu) Second half of the thirteenth century The Plays of Guan Hanqing (Kuan Han-ch'ing) Guan Hanqing (Kuan Han-ch'ing) Lord Guan Goes to the Feast with a Single Sword, Crying for Cunxiao (or Death of the Winged Tiger General), Rescued by a Coquette, The Riverside Pavilion, The Jade Mirror Stand, The Butterfly Dream, and Injustice to Dou E (or Snow in Midsummer) The Water Margin Shuihu zhuan (Shui-hu chuan); Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men Are Brothers Shi Nai'an (Shih Nai-an) and/or Luo Guanzhong (Lo Kuan-chung) Composed c. middle of fourteenth century, with numerous subsequent recensions Romance of the Three Kingdoms Sanguo zhi yangi (San-kuo chih yen-i) Attributed to Luo Guanzhong (Lo Kuan-chung) 1522 Journey to the West Xiyou (Hsi-yu Chi) Wu Chengen (Wu Cheng-en) Composed between the late 1560's and the year of the author's death; first published c. 1592 Golden Lotus Jin Ping Mei (Chin P'ing Mei) Unknown Composed 1590's; first complete version printed in 1610 Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio Liaozhai Zhiyi (Liao-chai Chih-i) Pu Songling (P'u Sung-ling) Composed between c. 1670-1707; published c. 1766 The Scholars Rulin waishi (Ju-lin wai-shih) (Unofficial History of the Literati) Wu Jingzi (Wu Ching-tzu) 1739-1750 Dream of the Red Chamber Honglou meng (Hung-lou meng) Cao Zueqin (Ts'ao Hsüeh-ch'in) First printed edition, 1792 The Works of Lu Xun (Lu Hsün) Pseudonym of Zhou Suren (Chou Shu-jen) Calls to Arms [stories] (1923), Wandering [stories] (1926), Wild Grass [prose poems] (1927), The Grave [essays] (1927), And That's That [essays] (1928) The Short Stories and Novels of Xiao Hong (Hsiao Hung) Pseudonym of Zhang Nai Ying/Chuang Nai Ying Major Short Stories: 'The Death of Wang Asao' (1932), 'Night Wind' (1933), 'Hands' (1936), 'Bridge' (1936), 'The Family Outsider' (1936), 'On the Oxcart' (1937), and 'Spring in a Small Town' (1941) Major Novels: Field of Life and Death (1934), Market Street (1935), Tales of Hulan River (1939-1940), Ma Bole (1940-1941, unfinished) The Fictional Works of Lao She Pseudonym of Shu Xingchun/Shu Hsing-ch'un Major Novels: The Two Mas (1931), Cat Country (1933), Divorce (1933), Rickshaw Boy (1936), Four Generations Under One Roof (1943), Cremation (1944) Major Plays: The Face Issue (1941), The Dragon Beard Ditch (1950), Teahouse (1957) Major Operas: Spring Wind (1943), Fifteen Springs of Cash (1956), Blue Clouds and White Snow (1959), Wang Baochuan (1964) Major Short Stories: 'The Grand Opening' (1933), 'Mr. Jodhpurs' (1933), 'Black and White Li' (1934), 'The Crescent Moon' (1935), 'Tragedy in a New Age' (1935), 'A Benevolent Person' (1935), 'The Soul-slaying Spear' (1935), 'An Old and Established Name' (1935), 'This Life of Mine' (1937), and 'Going to Work' (1958) India: Hymns of the Rig Veda Many anonymous authors over the centuries 1500 B C(?) to c. 800 B C Brāhmanas and Āranyakas Many anonymous authors Tenth to fifth centuries B C Rāmāyana [Vālmīki] (by tradition) Evolved over several centuries; work took its present form somewhere between the fourth and second centuries, B C Mahābhārata (Great Poem of the Descendants of Bharata) Rishi Vyasa 400 B C to 400 A D The Song of the Lord (Bhagavad-Gītā) Unknown. Tradition assigns the work to Vyasa, the legendary author of the Mahābhārata The exact date of composition is unknown. The Gita has been dated as early as 500 B C and as late as A D 100. Most scholars situate the work between the fifth and first centuries, B C Dhammapada The Path of Righteousness (or Virtue) The Dhammapada consists of sayings attributed to the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama); finally translated into Pali by unknown writers Around third century B C Vedānta Sūtras Vedāntasūtras or Brahmasūtras or Shārīraka-mīmāmsā-sūtras Bādārayana Probably c. 200 B C Panchatantra (The Five Books) Unknown, sometimes attributed to the narrators: Vishnusharman or Vasughaga, depending on the version Unknown, likely c. 200 B C Deeds of the Buddha Buddha-carita Ashvaghosha Late first to mid-second centuries A D Purānas Vyāsa (legendary author). Revised by many unknown writers First century A D Yoga Sūtra Patanjali Perhaps second to fourth centuries A D Shakuntalā Shakuntalā (Śakuntalā). The work is also known by its longer title: Abhijnānashakuntalā (Shakuntalā and the Ring of Recollection). Kālidāsa Middle of the fifth-century A D Treasury of Well-Turned Verses Subhāsita-ratna-kosa Vidyākara c. A D 1100 (revised version c. 1130) Gītagovinda (Song of the Lord) Jayadeva Twelfth century Rāmcaritmānas Tulsīdas c. 1574 The Works of Rammohun Roy Raja Rammohun Roy A Gift to Deists (1803), Translation of an Abridgment of the Vedanta (1815), The Precepts of Jesus, A Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820) The Poetry of Ghalib Asadullah Khan Ghalib (Mirza Ghalib) Major Poetic Works: In Urdu: Diwan-i-Ghabli, in Persian: Kulliyat-i-Nasir-Ghalib The Works of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Major Works: Rajmohan's Wife (1864), The Daughter of the Feudal Lord (Durgeshnandini) (1865), Mrinalini (1869), The Poison Tree (Bishabriksha) (1873), Indira (1873), Chandrasekhar (1875), Krishnakanta's Will (1878), Anandamath (Abbey of Bliss) (1882), Rajsinha (1882), Sitaram (1887) The Poetry of Rabindranath Tagore Major Works: In English: Gitanjali (1912), The Gardener (1913), The Crescent Moon (1913); in Bengali: Prabhat Sangeet (Morning Songs) 1883, Mānasi (The Lady of the Mind) 1890, Sonār Tari (The Golden Boat) 1894, Naibedya (Offerings) 1901, Gitānjali (Song Offerings) 1912, Balākā (Wild Geese) 1916, Patra-put (Plate of Leaves) 1936, Naba-jatak (The Newly Born) 1940, Ses Lekhā (Last Writing) 1941 The Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal Shaikh Muhammad Iqbal (Allama Iqbal) Major Works: (In Persian) Asrar-i-Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (1915); Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (Mysteries of Selflessness) (1918); Payam-i-Mashriq (Message of the East) (1923); Zabur-i-Ajam (Persian Psalms) (1927); Javidnama (The Book of Eternity) (1932), Pas Chi Bayad Kard Ay Aqwam i Sharq? (What then is to be done, O Peoples of the East?) (1936). (In Urdu) Bang-i-Dara (The Caravan Bell) (1924); Bal-i Jibril (Gabriel's Swing) (1935); Zarb-i-Kalim (The Blow of Moses' Staff) (1936); Armaghan-i-Hijaz (The Gift From Hijaz) 1938. Kamayani Jaishankar Prasad Japan: The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves Man'yōshū Ōtomo no Yakamochi and other (unidentified) compilers; Princess Nukada, or Nukata, Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Yamanoue no Ōkura, Ōtomo no Tabito, Lady Kasa Tales of Ise Ise monogatari Unknown. Possibly, among others, Ariwara no Narihira First part of tenth century Collections of Poems Old and New Kokinshū Anthologizers: Ki no Tsurayuki, Ki no Tomonori, Ōshikōchi no Mitsune, Mibu no Tadamine Early tenth century Tosa Diary Tosa nikki Ki no Tsurayuki c. 935 Kagero Diary Kagero nikki Michitsuna's Mother (Michitsuna no Hacha) c. 971 The Pillow Book Makura no soshi Sei Shonagon c. 993-1010 The Tale of Geni (Genji monogatari) Murasaki Shikibu The bulk of The Tale of Genji was probably written and circulated chapter by chapter between the year 1003 and the author's death, as early as 1014. There is no known original holograph. Extant textual variants fall into three major categories: the Kawachi recension, the Aobyōshi recension, and a group of other dissimilar variants called Beppon. An Account of a Ten-Foot Square Hut Hōjōki Kamo no Chōmei 1212 New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern Shinkokinshū Fujiwara no Teika (Sadaie), Minamoto no Michitomo, Fujiwara no Ariie, Fujiwara no Ietaka, Fujiwara no Masatsune, Jakuren First decade of thirteenth century The Tale of the Heike Heike monogatori Unknown Thirteenth century Essays in Idleness Tsurezuregusa Urabe Kenkō Composed c. 1319 to c. 1350 The Noh Plays Kan'ami Kiyotsugu, Zeami Motokiyo, Kanze Motomasa, Komparu Zenchiku, and others Fourteenth through sixteenth centuries The Fictional Works of Ihara Saikaku Major Works: The Life of an Amorous Man (Kōshoku ichidai otoko) (1682); Five Women Who Loved Loved (Kōshoku gonin onna) (1686); The Life of an Amorous Woman (Kōshoku ichidai onna) (1686); The Great Mirror of Male Love (Nanshoku ōkagami) (1687); The Japanese Family Warehouse (Nippon eitaigura) (1688); Tales of Samurai Honor (Buke giri monogatari) (1688); Some Final Words of Advice (Saikaku oridome) (1694) The Haiku Poetry of Matsuo Bashō Major Works: Some thousand extant haiku; The Journal of the Weatherbeaten Skeleton (Nozarashi kikō) (1684); Collected Verses (Atsume ku) (1687); The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no hosomichi) (c. 1689); Saga Diary (Saga nikki) (1691) The Plays of Chikamatsu Monzaemon Major plays: The Soga Heirs (1683), Victorious Kagekiyo (1686), Double Suicide at Sonezaki (1703), The Battles of Coxinga (1715), The Woman Killer and the Hell of Oil (1721) The Haiku Poetry of Kobayashi Kissa Major Works: Journal of My Father's Last Days (Chichi no Shuen Nikki) (1801); The Year of My Life (Ora ga Haru) (1819) The Works of Mori Ōgai Major Works: The Dancing Girl (Mahime) (1890), Vita Sexualis (1909), Youth (Seinen) (1910), Delusions (Mōsō) (1911), The Wild Goose (Gan) (1911-13), The Abe Clan (Abe ichizoku) (1913), Incident at Sakai (Sakai jiken) (1914), Suibue Chūsai (1916) The Novels of Natsume Soseki Original name Natsume Kinnosuke Major Novels: I Am a Cat (1905-06), Botchan (1906), Red Poppy (1907), Sanshiro (1908), And Then (1909), The Gate (1910), To the Spring Equinox and Beyond (1912), The Wayfarer (1913), Kokoro (1914), Grass on the Wayside (1915), Darkness and Light (1916) The Prose and Poetry of Yosano Akiko Major Works: Poetry: Midaregami (Tangled Hair) (1901); 'My Brother, You Must Not Die' (1904); 'Sozorogoto' ('Verses in Idle Moments') (1908) The Novels of Nagai Kafū Major Works: The River Sumida (Sumidagawa) (1909), Geisha in Rivalry (Udekurabe) (1916-17), A Strange Tale from East of the River (Bokutō kidan) (1937), A Daily Account of the Calamity (Risai nichiroku) (1946-48) The Fictional Works of Shiga Naoya Major Works of Fiction: 'The Razor' (1910), 'My Mother's Death and My New Other' (1912), Otsu Junkichi (1912), 'Seibei and His Gourds' (1912), 'An Incident', 'Han's Crime (1913), 'At Kinosaki', Reconciliation (1917), A Dark Night's Passing (1937), 'Gray Moon' (1945) The Novels of Tanizaki Jun'ichiro Major Novels: Naomi (1925), Some Prefer Nettles (1929), The Secret History of Lord Musashi (1932), The Makioka sisters (1948), The Key (1956), Diary of a Mad Old Man (1962) The Short Stories of Akutagawa Ryūnosuke Major Works: 'The Rashō Gate' (1915), 'The Noise' (1916), 'Yam Gruel' (1916), 'The Bandits' (1917), 'A Life Spent at Frivolous Writing' (1917), 'Withered Fields' (1918), 'The Spider's Thread' (1918), 'Death of a Martyr' (1918), 'The Hell Screen' (1918), 'The Ball' (1919), 'Christ in Nanking' (1920), 'The Chastity of O-Tomi' (1922), 'In the Grove' (1922), 'Cogwheels' (1927), 'A Fool's Life' (1927) The Fictional Works of Ibuse Masuji Major Works: 'Salamander' (1922), 'Carp' (1926), 'Savan on the Roof' (1929), Waves: A War Diary (1938), John Majirō: A Castaway's Chronicle (1938), 'Tajinko Village' (1939), 'Isle-on-the-Billows' (1946), 'A Geisha Remembers' (1950), 'Station Inn' (1957), Lieutenant Lookeast (1961), Black Rain (1964) The Fictional Works of Kawabata Yasunari Major Works of Fiction: The Izu Dancer (Izu no odoriko) (1926), Palm of the Hand Stories (Tenohira no shōsetsu) (1926), Evening Sun (Yūhi) (1943), Snow Country (Yukiguni) (1948), Thousand Cranes (Senbazuru) (1949), Palm of the Hand Stories (Tanagokoro no shōsetsu) (1950), Dancing Girl (Maihime) (1951), The Sound of the Moutain (Yana no oto) (1954), The Lake (Mizuumi) (1955), House of the Sleeping Beauties (Nemureru bijo) (1961), Beauty and Sadness (Utsukushisa to kanashimi to) (1965), One Arm (Kataude) (1965) The Fictional Works of Enchi Fumiko Major Works Translated: The Waiting Years (Onnazaka) (1957); Masks (Onnamen) (1958); Love in Two Lives: The Remnant (Nisei no en-shūi) (1958) Untranslated: Banshun Sōya (1928); Himojii Tsukihi (1954); Ake o ubau mono (1969); Yūkon (1972); Namamiko monogatari (1965); Shokutoku no nai ie (1979) The Novels of Mishima Yukio Original name Hiraoka Kimitake Major Works of Fiction: Confessions of the Mask (Kamen no kokuhaku) (1949); Thirst for Love (Ai no kawaki) (1950); The Sound of the Waves (Shiosai) (1954); The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Kin Kajuji) (1956); After the Banquet (Utage no ato) (1960); Patriotism (Yukoku) (1960); The Sea of Fertility (Hojo no umi) (1970) The Novels of Ariyoshi Sawako Major Novels: The River Ki (1959), The Doctor's Wife (1967), The Twilight Years (1972), Kabuki Dancer (1972) Korea: Koryŏ Songs Major Poems (among others): 'Ode on the Seasons', 'Song of Green Mountain', 'Song of P'yongyang', 'Song of the Gong and Chimes', 'Will You Go?', 'Spring Overfows the Pavilion' Various anonymous authors; a few poets identified by name Twelfth to fourteenth centuries Songs of Flying Dragons Yongbi ŏch 'ŏn ka Scholars in the Hall of Worthies 1445-47 The Poetry of Hŏ Nansŏrhŏn Nansŏrhŏn is her pen name; her given name was Ch'o-hi Major Poems: 'A Woman's Sorrow', 'For My Brother Hagok', 'Mourning My Children', 'A Poor Woman' The Poetry of Yun Sŏndo Major Poems: 'Dispelling Gloom' (1618), 'New Songs in the Mountains' (and their sequel) (1614-1645), The Angler's Calendar (1651), 'The Disappointing Journey' (1652) The Cloud Dream of the Nine Kuun mong Kim Man-jung (Kim Man-Choong) Most critics believe that Kim in 1687 wrote Kuun mong in classical Chinese. Oldest extant version in woodblock print written in classical Chinese dated 1725. Versions in Korean published after 1725. The Song of a Faithful Wife Ch'unhyang ka (Ch'unghyang chŏn) Original author unknown Date of origin unknown. Oldest extant version in 1754. The singing version written down by Shin Chae-hyo (1812-1884). Modern rewritings from 1911 on A Record of Sorrowful Days Hanjung nok Lady Hong of Hyegyŏng Palace 1795-1806 The Works of Pak Chiwŏn Major Works: Yorha ilgi (Jehol Diary) (1780); 'Hŏsaeng chŏn' ('The Story of Master Hŏ'), 'Yangban chŏn' ('The Story of a Yangban'), 'Hojil' ('A Tiger's Reprimand'), 'Kwangmuncha chŏn' ('The Story of Kwangmum'), and 'Yedok Sonsaeng chŏn' ('The Story of Master Yedok') Your Silence Nim-ŭi ch'imuk (Your Silence or The Silence of Love) Han Yong-un Major Works: Chosŏn pulgyo yusillon (The Revitalization of Korean Buddhism) (1913), Pulgyo taejŏn (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism) (1915), Chosŏn tongnip-ŭi so (Basis for Korean Independence) (1919-1920), Hŭkp'ung (Black Wind--novel) (1926), Nim-ŭi ch'imuk (Your Silence--poetry) (1926), Huhŭi (Regret--novel], Pangmyŏng (The Ill-starred--novel) (1938) Middle East: The Seven Golden Odes Imr'u al-Qays, Tarafa, Labid, 'Antara, Zuhayr, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, Harith Sixth century to early seventh century A D Qur'an Qur'ān (Koran is a common but less accurate transliteration) According to Muslim belief, the Qur'ān is the Word of God as revealed to Muhammad (Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah 'Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim) over a 23-year period. C. A D 650-655, the 'Uthmanic text', named for Uthman, the Third Caliph (A D 644-655). This official published text is based upon various collections of the verses. The first such collection goes back as early as the reign of the First Caliph (A D 632-634), Abu Bakr. The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights) Alf Layla wa-Layla Unknown. Product of a long oral tradition. A collection of tales, realistic or fantastic, of ancient Indian, Greek, Mesopotamian and Persian, and more recent Arabic origins that have been told and retold for thousands of years, especially in the Arabic-speaking Middle East. These tales belonged to a primarily oral tradition, the core of which was probably written down in the tenth century. Other tales were added to the corpus over the centuries. Shahnameh Shāhnāma (The Book of Fings) Abo'l-Qāsem Ferdowsi (Firdawsi or Ferdausi: 'The Paradisal') Completed in 1010 The Ring of the Dove Tawq al-ḥamāmah (The Neck-ring of the Dove) Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Ḥazm c. 1030 Maqāmāt al-Hammadhānī Abū al-Faḍl Aḥmad b. al-Husayn (nicknamed Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadhānī: Marvel or Wonder of the Age from Hamadhān) Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī Abū Muḥammad al-Qāsim b. 'Alī b. Muhammad b. Uthmān (usually known as al-Ḥarīrī, an attribute derived from his or family profession, either the making or trading of silk [ḥarīr means silk in Arabic]) The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam The Conference of the Birds Manteq at-Tair Farīd ud-Dīn 'Aṭṭar 1177 The Poetry of Nezami Elyas ebn Yusuf Nezami Major Works: Khamzeh ('Quintet'); Makhzan al-Asrar ('The Treasure of Secrets'); Khosrow and Shirin; Leili and Majnun; Haft Paykar ('The Seven Portraits'); The Book of Alexander (consisting of two parts; Sharafnameh and Eqbalnameh) The Poetry of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī Jalāl al-Dīn Mohammad Balkhi Major Works: Masnavi (Mathnavi), Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi, Fihi ma Fihi (Prose Discourses) The Poetry and Prose of Sa'di Sheikh Nuslih-uddin Sa'di Shirazi Major Works: Golestan (The Rose Garden), Bustan (The Orchard), Ghazaliyat (Lyric Poems) The Divan of Ḥafez Hafez (Ḥāfiẓ of Shiraz) (Shams al-Din Mohammad Shirazi) Probably compiled in late fourteenth century Muqaddimah (Introduction or Prolegomena) Ibn Khaldūn ('Abd ar-Rahman Abu Zayd ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldūn) Completed 1377 The Poetry and Prose of Jāmī Nur al-Din 'Abd al-Raḥmān Jami Major Works: The Seven Thrones (includes 'Salaman and Absal' and 'Joseph and Zuleikha'), Baharistan (The Garden in Spring) The Works of Ṭāhā-Ḥusayn Major Works: [Autobiography] (1927, 1932, 1955), Recalling Abū al-'Alā' [al-Ma'arrī] (1914), On Pre-Islamic Poetry (1925), The Future of Culture in Egypt (1938), The Call of the Karawān (1942) The Works of Tawfīq al-Ḥakim Tawfīq al-Ḥakim (also transliterated as Tewfik el-hakeem) Major Works: The Men of the Cave (1933), Shahrazad (1934), The Maze of Justice (1937), Pygmalion (1942), The Sultan's Dilemma (1960), The Tree Climber (1962) The Novels and Stories of Sadeq Hedayat Major Works: Buried Alive (short stories) (1930), Three Drops of Blood (short stories) (1932), Chiaroscuro (short stories) (1933), Mrs. Alaviyyeh (novel) (1933), Mr. Bow Wow (satirical sketches), The Blind Owl (novel) (1937), The Stray Dog (short stories) (1942), Haji Aqa (novel) (1945), Parvin, Daughter of Satan (drama) (1930), Maziyar (drama) (1933) The Novels of Ghassan Kanafani Major Novels: Men in the Sun (1962), All That's Left to You (1966), Return to Haifa (1969), Umm Sa'ad (1969) -- continued at 17 October post... 12 October David Byrne's recent editorial for the Guardian seems to be an update of the 'Busines and Finance' chapter of his book, How Music Works. I recommend the latter. It presents a lot of statistics, especially in comparing the recording and promotional processes of two of his albums, Grown Backwards [2004] and Everything That Happens Will Happen Today [2008; w/ Brian Eno]. His assessment of the potential benefits of internet-centric self-distribution model is more positive than the editorial would suggest, but--first--he notes in the editorial that an established artist with a long history of record-label and promotional-company support has an advantageous position relative to younger artists with no such career and--second--his opinion, of course, might have changed in the meantime. Perhaps he has been influenced by the writings in the last year from David Lowry (at The Trichordist) and Damon Krukowski ('Making Cents', 'Free Music', both at Pitchfork). 13 October Some films I'd like to see eventually get canonized or which will likely show up on later editions of the major lists of the greatest movies (and which aren't on any of the lists noted so far): Les Yeux Sans Visage, 1960, dir. Georges Franju Carnival of Souls, 1962, dir. Herk Harvey Tini Zabutykh Predkiv (Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors), 1964, dir. Sergei Parajanov Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice, 1969, dir. Paul Mazursky Deathdream, 1972, dir. Bob Clark Jeder für Sich und Gott Gegen Alle - Kaspar Hauser, 1974, dir. Werner Herzog Eraserhead, 1977, dir. David Lynch Martin, 1978, dir. George Romero Being There, 1979, dir. Hal Ashby Altered States, 1980, dir. Ken Russell Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1984, dir. Michael Radford Idi i Smotri (Come and See), 1985, dir. Elem Klimov Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, 1985, dir. Paul Schrader Caravaggio, 1986, dir. Derek Jarman Jacob's Ladder, 1990, dir. Adrien Lyne Trust, 1990, dir. Hal Hartley The Player, 1992, dir. Robert Altman In the Company of Men, 1997, dir. Neil LaBute Donnie Darko, 2001, dir. Richard Kelly Russkij Kovĉeg (Russian Ark), 2002, Alexander Sokurov Le Scaphandre et le Papillon (The Diving Bell and the Butterfly), 2007, Julian Schnabel Enter the Void, 2009, dir. Gaspar Noé Antichrist, 2009, dir. Lars Von Trier Black Swan, 2010, dir. Darren Aronofsky 14 October D V D Beaver, besides links to the Amazon pages for many Blu-Ray and D V D releases, offers short reviews of each disc's digital transfer, often comparing different releases. Those comparisons include side-by-side screenshots and technical specs. Truly a remarkable resource. 15 October Another fine essay on film canons, 'The "Sight & Sound" of Canons' by Donato Totaro, from the excellent e-zine Offscreen for which he is the editor, which pointed me to the previously-noted Adrian Martin article. 16 October Another long-standing bastion of the "Web 1.0" era that I'd forgotten about until just now: The Victorian Web. I sometimes work grading writing assessments given to students throughout Georgia; recently a student misspelled valedictorian as valid victorian. Perhaps this site could be used as a standard for interconnectivity within a web site (as they put it in their explanation of why the site's different from search engines as well as archives like Project Gutenberg: "images and documents, including entire books, as nodes in a network of complex connections") so that in the future we'll call a similarly-impressive site a "valid victorian." 17 October The second part of the McGreal list comes from the predecessor to Great Literature of the Western World, published four years prior and entitled Great Thinkers of the Western World. As the introduction of the Literature book states, the first of the duo "emphasizes ideas and their place in philosophical and religious perspectives; the present volume concerns itself with the expression of human experience through literature--through the use of images, recitals of significant events or moments, and reflection on what has happened in life" [original emphasis]. A few works are discussed in both books, but the essays in each discuss different aspects of those works. China: Confucius (Kongfuzi/K'ung Fu-tzu) Major Works: Many classics were attributed to the editorship of Confucius, yet most scholars agree that the only work that can represent the ideas of Confucius is the Analects (Lunyu/Lun-yü), a collection of notes and quotations written down by his disciples and edited after his death. Laozi (Lao Tzu) Major Work: Daode jing (Tao Te Ching) (Classic of the Way and Its Power) Mozi (Mo Tzu) Major Work: Mozi (Mo Tzu). This work was not composed by Mozi, but rather was the product of the Mohist tradition (c. 390-221 B C). It contains numerous sayings of Mozi, along with chapters on the later tradition's teaching on defensive warfare (chapters 51-79) and discourses on logical method (chapters 40-45). Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) Major Work: Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) Mencius (Mengzi/Meng Tzu) Major Work: Mengzi (Meng Tzu) (The Book of Mencius) Gongsun Long (Kung-sun Lung) Major Work: Gongsun Longzi (Kung-sun Lung Tzu) Xunzi (Hsün Tzu) Major Work: Xunzi (Hsün Tzu), in thirty-two chapters, edited by Liu Xiang (Liu Hsiang) (77 B C) The Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lu (Lüshi Chunqiu/Lü-shih Ch'un-ch'iu) Presumably compiled by Lu Buwei (Lü Pu-wei) Third century B C Han Fei Major Work: Hazi Fei Zi (Han Fei Tzu) (Date of compilation unknown.) The Great Learning (Da Xue/Ta Hsüeh) Attributed to Zengzi (Tseng Tzu) or Zi Si (Tzu Ssu) Between third and second centuries B C The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong/Chung Yung) Attributed to Zi Si (Tzu Ssu), but author unknown Between third and second centuries B C Yi Jing (I Ching) (Book of Changes) Unknown. According to tradition, the book was composed in several layers over many centuries. The discovery of the eight component "trigram" (three-line) symbols is attributed to the first of the legendary Five Emperors, Fu Xi (Fu Hsi) (ruled 2852-2737 B C). The creation of the sixty-four "hexagram" (six-line) symbols and the composition of the hexagram statements is ascribed to Ji Chang (Chi Ch'ang), posthumously known as King Wen, founder of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty (c. 1027 B C). Ji Dan (Chi Tan), younger son of Ji Chang, better known as Zhou Gong (Chou Kung), or the Duke of Zhou, is credited with the formulation of the individual line statements (six per hexagram). Finally, the "Ten Wings," a body of commentaries attached to the above texts, were supposedly written by Confucius (Kongfuzi/K'ung Fu-tzu) (551-479 B C) Historical events mentioned in the lines of the hexagrams pertain to the period just before and after the founding of the Zhou dynasty, that is, the end of the second and beginning of the first millennium B C. However, the first recorded reference to the book is much later. A passage dated 672 B C, from the work of history known as the Zuozhuan (Tso-chuan), quotes from a divination manual called the Zhouyi (Chou i), "The Changes of Zhou (Chou)." This text, with its appended commentaries, was finally canonized as the Yi jing (the Book of Change) in 136 B C. The commentaries alone date from the third and fourth centuries B C. Therefore the composition of the Yi jing as we now know it spans a period of approximately eight centuries. Dong Zhongshu (Tung Chung-shu) Major Work: Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu Fanlu/Ch'un-ch'iu fan-lu) Wang Chong (Wang Ch'ung) Major Works: Luheng (Lun-heng) (Discursive Equilibrium), in eighty-five chapters (A D 82-83); chapter 85, an autobiography, mentions three shorter works, none of which survives Liezi (Lieh Tzu) Attributed to Liezi (Lieh Tzu), but probably not written by him c. A D 300, contains material from earlier sources Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang) Major Work: Zhuangzi zhu (Chuang Tzu Chu) (Commentary on the Zhuangzi/Chuang Tzu) Jizang (Chi-Tsang) Major Works: Zhongguanlun shu (Chung-kuan lun-shu) (Commentary on the Mādhyamika shastra); Erdi zhang (Erh ti chang) (Essay on the Two Levels of Discourse); Bailun shu (Pai lun shu) (Commentary on the Shata Shastra); Shi er men lun shu (Shih erh men lun shu) (Commentary on the Twelve Gate Treatise); Sanlun xuanyi (San-lun hsüan-i) (Profound Meaning of the Three Treatises); Erdi yi (Erh ti i) (Meaning of the Two Levels of Discourse); Dasheng xuanlun (Ta sheng hsüan-lun) (Treatise on the Mystery of the Mahāyāna) Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) Major Works: Xi yu li (Hsi yü chi) (Record of Western Lands) (646); Chengweishi lun (Ch'eng-wei-shih lun) (Establishment of the Consciousness-Only System) (659) Huineng Major Work: Liuzu Tanjing (Liu-tsu t'an-ching) (The Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch) Fazang (Fa-tsang) Major Works: An incredibly prolific writer, Fazang produced more than sixty original works, commentaries on a wide variety of Buddhist texts, and meditation manuals, and participated in at least some of the Buddhist translation projects of his time. Much of his work centers on the exegesis of the Huayan jing (Hua-yen ching) (Flower Garland Scripture), which is sometimes referred to in Sanskrit as the Avatamsaka Sutra. A complete list of his works would be impractical, but a few of the major works are: Huayan wujiao zhang (Hua-yen wu-chiao chang) (Essay on the Five Teachings of the Huayan); Huayan yihai baimen (Hua-yen i-hai po-men) (The Hundred Gates to the Unfathomable Meaning of the Huayan); Huayan fa putixin zhang (Hua-yen fa p'u-t'i-hsin chang) (Essay on the Arousal of the Bodhi Mind in the Huayan); Qixinlun yiji (Ch'i-hsin-lun i-chi) (Commentary on the Mahāyāna Awakening of the Faith) Zhou Dunyi (Chou Tun-i) Major Works: Taijitu shuo (T'ai-chi-t'u shuo) (An Explanation of the Diagram of the Great Ultimate); Tongshu (T'ung-shu) (Penetrating the Book of Changes) Zhang Zai (Chang Tsai) Major Works: Zhengmeng (Cheng-meng) (Correcting Youthful Ignorance. Also translated as: Correct Discipline of Beginners); Ximing (Hsi-ming) (The Western Inscription. Part of chapter 17 of the Zhengmeng); Jingxue liku (Ching-hsüeh li-k'u) (Assembled Principles of Classical Learning); Yishou (I-shou) (Commentaries on the Book of Changes) Cheng Hao (Ch'eng Hao) and Cheng Yi (Ch'eng I) Major Works: Er-Cheng quanshu (Erh-Ch'eng Ch'uan-shu) (The Complete Works of the Two Chengs). This collection, which has not been translated into English except for brief selections, includes miscellaneous surviving works of the two brothers (commentaries, poems and letters), including the Yi chuan (I ch'uan) (Commentary of the Yi jing/I Ching) by Cheng Yi and the Cuiyan (Ts'ui-yen) (Pure Words), which records conversations of the two brothers. Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) Major Works: Recorded Sayings, Commentary on the "Four Books", Commentary on the Book of Changes, Commentary on the Book of Odes Wang Yangming (Wang Yang-ming) Major Works: Chuanxi lu (Ch'uan hsi lu) (Instructions for Practical Living), Part I composed in 1514, Part II in 1521-1527; Daxue wen (Ta-hsüeh wen) (Questions on the Great Learning), (1527) Dai Zhen (Tai Chen) Major Works: Yuanshan (Yüan-shan) (Inquiry into Goodness) (1754-66); (Mengzi ziyi shuzheng) (Meng Tzu tzu-i shu-cheng) (An Evidential Study of the Meaning of Terms in the Mencius) (1772-77). Kang Youwei (K'ang Yu-wei) Major Works: Xinxue Weijing Kao (Hsin Hsüeh Wei Ching K'ao) (Study of the Classics Forged During the Hsin Period) (1891); Kungzi Gaizhi Kao (K'ung Tzu Kai-chih K'ao) (Study of Confucius as Reformer) (1896; published in 1913); Zhongyong Zhu (Chung-yung Chu) (Commentary on the Doctrine of the Mean) (1900); Lunyu Zhu (Lun-yü Chu) (Commentary on the Analects) (1902); Liyun Zhu (Li-yün Chu) (Commentary on the Evolution of Rites) (1913); Da Tong Shu (Ta-t'ung Shu) (Book of the Great Unity) (1935) Tan Sitong (T'an Ssu-t'ung) Major Work: Ren xue (Jen-hsüeh) (An Exposition of Benevolence, or A Study of Humanity) (1896-97) Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian/Sun I-hsien) Major Works: Sun Wen Xue Shuo (Sun Wen Hsüeh Shuo) (Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary: A Program of National Reconstruction for China) (1918); Sanmin Zhuyi (San Min Chu I) (The Three Principles of the People) (1924); Jian Guo Dagang (Chien Kuo Ta-kang) (Fundamentals of National Reconstruction) (1924) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Major Works: 'On Practice' (1937), 'On Contradiction' (1937), 'On New Democracy' (1940), 'On Literature and Art' (1942), 'On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People' (1957) Fung Yu-lan Major Works: History of Chinese Philosophy (1930, 1934); New Rationalism (Xin lixue/Hsin Li-hsüeh) (1939); China's Road to Freedom (Xin shilun/Hsin shih-lun) (1939); A New Treatise on the Way of Life (Xin shixun/Hsin shih hsün) (1940); A New Treatise on the Nature of Man (Xin yuanren/Hsin yüan-jen) (1943); The Spirit of Chinese Philosophy (Xin yuanduo/Hsin yüan-tao) (1944); A New Treatise on the Methodology of Metaphysics (Xin zhiyan/Hsin chih-yen) (1946) India: Upanishads Unknown. The work of many Indian philosophers and teachers. c. 600-c. 400 B C Philosophical and religious reflections expressed in prose and poetry. The prose Upanishads are: Brihad-Āranyaka, Chāndogya, Taittirīya, Aitareya, Kaushītaki, Kena, Prashna, Maitri, and Māndūkya. The poetic Upanishads are: Katha, Shvetāshvatara, Īsha, and Mundaka. Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama) Major Works: The Buddha's sayings were recollected and written down many years after his death. The sūtras (dialogues), which form a part of the Pali Tripitaka, are generally conceded to be the closest approximation to what the Buddha actually taught. Mahāvīra Bādarāyana Major Work: Brahmasūtras (Aphorisms on The Brahman) Bhagavad Gītā Attributed to Vyāsa Between fifth and first centuries B C Patanjali Major Work: Yoga Sūtras Nāgārjuna Major Works: Mūla-madhyamaka-kārikā (Verses on the Fundamental Middle Way), Vigrāha-vyāvartani (Refutation of Objections) Vasubandhu Major Works: Abhidharma-kosha, Twenty Verses, Thirty Verses (Trimshikā), One Hundred Dharmas Treatise Īshvarakrishna Major Work: Sānkhya Kārikās (Verses on the Sānkhya) Kumārila Bhatta Major Works: Shlokavārtika (Exposition on the Verses) [Commentary on Shabara's Commentary on Jaimini's Mīmāmsa Sūtras, Books 1, Chapter 1]; Tantravārtika (Exposition on the Sacred Science) [Commentary on Shabara's Commentary on Jaimini's Mīmāmsa Sūtras, Book 1, Chapters 2-4; Books 2 and 3]; Tuptika (Full Exposition) [Commentary on Shabara's Commentary on Jaimini's Mīmāmsa Sūtras, Books 4-9] Jayarāsi Bhatta Major Work: Tattvopaplavasimha (The Lion That Devours All Categories or The Upsetting of All Principles) (seventh century A D) Guadapāda Major Work: Kārikā (Exposition) on Māndūkya Upanishad Haribhadra Major Works: Anekāntajayapatākā (The Victory Banner of Relativism), Ashtakaprakarana (The Eightfold Explanation), Dhūrtākhyāna (The Rogue's Stories), Samarāiccakahā (The Story of Samarāicca), Sāstravārtāsamuccaya (The Array of Explanatory Teachings), Yogabindu (The Seeds of Yoga), Yogadrishtisamuccaya (The Array of Views on Yoga) Shankara Major Works: Aitareyopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Aitareya Upanishad), Ātmabodha (Self-knowledge), Bhagavadagītābhāshya (Commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā), Brahmasūtrabhāshya (Commentary on the Brahma Sūtra), Brihadāranyakopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Brihadāranyaka Upanishad), Chāndogyopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Chāndogya Upanishad), Īshopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Īsha Upanishad), Kathopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Katha Upanishad), Kenopanishadbhāshya (Commentary on the Kena Upanishad), Upadeshasāhashrī (The Thousand Teachings) Vācaspati Mishra Major Works: Bhāmatī ("The Lustrous:" [Commentary of Shankara's Brahmasūtrabhāshya]), Brahmatattvasamīksha (Examination of the Brahman as Truth), Nyāyakanikā (Brief Outline of the Nyāya School), Tattvabindu (Quintessence of the Truth) Sureshvara Major Works: Brihadāranyakopanishadbhāshya Vārtikā (Explanation of the Commentary on the Brihadāranyaka Upanishad), Naishkarmyasiddhi (Establishment of Non-action), Sambandha Vārtikā (Explanation of Relations), Taittirīyopanishadbhāshya Vārtikā (Explanation of the Commentary on the Taittirīya Upanishad) Rāmānuja Major Works: Shrībhāshya (Commentary on the Brahma Sūtra), Gītābhāshya (Commentary on the Gītā), Vedāntasāra (The Essence of Vedanta), Vedārthasamgraha (Compendium of the Vedic Topics) Madhva Majof Works: Madhva-bhāshya (Comentary on Brahma-sūtra), Gītābhāshya (Commentary on the Gītā), Mahābhārata-tātparya-nirnaya (Determination of the Meaning of the Māhābhārata), Anubhāshya (Short Commentary [on the Brahma Sūtra]), Anuvyākhyāna (Supplemental Explanation [of the Brahma Sūtra]) Jayatīrtha Major Works: Nyāyasudha (Nectar of Logic) [Commentary on Madhva's Anuvyākhyāna Commentary on the Brahma Sūtras]; Tattvaprakāshikā (Light on the Truth) [Commentary on Madhva's Comentary on the Brahma Sūtras]; Vādāvali (Lineage of Controversies) Nānak Major Works: Asa Di Var [Hymns], Japji [Poetry] Jīva Gosvāmin Major Works: Bhāgavatasandarbha (The Collection of the Bhāgavata Purāna) [This work as six parts: 'Tattvasandarbha' ('Collection on Reality'), Bhāgavatsandarbha' ('Collection on the Lord'), 'Paramātmasandarbha' ('Collection on the Great Soul'), 'Krishnasandarbha' ('Collection on Krishna'), 'Bhaktisandarbha' ('Collection on Devotion'), and the 'Prītisamdarbha' ('Collection on Love')]; Sarvasamvādini (The Harmonization of All); Kramasandarbha (Commentary on the Bhāgavata Purāna) Vijnānabhikshu Major Works: Vijnānāmritabhāshya (The Nectar of Knowledge Commentary) [Commentary on the Brahma Sūtras of Bādarāyana], Īshvaragītābhāshya (Commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā), Sānkhyasāra (Quintessence of Sānkhya), Sānkhysūtrabhāshya (Commentary on the Sānkhyasūtras [of Kapila]), Yogasārasamgraha (Compendium on the Quintessence of Yoga), Yogabhāshyavārttika (Explanation of the Commentary [of Vyāsa] on the Yoga Sūtras) Madhusūdana Sarasvatī Major Works: Advaitasiddhi, Siddhāntatattvabindu, Vedāntakalpalatikā Dharmarāja Adhvarin Major Work: Vedānta Paribhāshā Rabindranath Tagore Major Works: Gitānjali (1912), Sādhnā (1913), Personality (1917), Gorā (1924), The Religion of Man (1931) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Major Works: The Story of My Experiments With Truth (1927), Satyāgraha in South Africa (1938), Selections From Gandhi (edited by N K Bose) (1948) Aurobindo Major Works: The Life Divine (1949), Letters on Yoga (1971), The Supramental Manifestation (1972) K C Bhattacharyya Major Works: Studies in Vendāntism (1907), The Subject as Freedom (1930), 'The Concept of Philosophy', 'The Absolute and Its Alternative Forms', 'The Concept of Value' (1939) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Major Works: Indian Philosophy (1923, 1927), The Hindu Way of Life (1927), An Idealist View of Life (1932), Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), The Brahma Sūtras (1959) Jawaharlal Nehru Major Works: Soviet Russia (1928), Statements, Speeches and Writings (1929), Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1930), Glimpses of World History (1934), An Autobiography (1936), The Discovery of India (1946) Japan: Shōtoku Taishi Major Works: Jūshichijō kempō (Seventeen-Article Constitution) (604), Sangyō gisho (Commentaries on Three Sūtras), Shōmangyō gisho (Commentary on the Sūtra of Queen Shrīmālā) (c. 609-611), Yukimakyō gisho (Commentary on the Vimalakirtī Sūtra) (c. 612-613), Hokkekyō gisho (Commentary on the Lotus Sūtra) (c. 614-615) Kūkai Major Works: Indications of the Goals of the Three Teachings (797), The Difference Between Exoteric and Esoteric Buddhism (814), Attaining Enlightenment in This Every Existence (817), The Meanings of Sound, Word, and Reality (817), The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury (830) Genshin (Eshin Sōzu) Major Works: Ōjōyōshū (The Essentials for Birth in Amida's Paradise) (985), Kanjin ryaku yōshū (Essentials of Self-Insight) (997), Hongakusan shaku (Essay on [Ryōgen's] Hymn to Original Enlightenment), Shinyo kan (Seeing Thusness), The Yokawa hōgo (Yokawa Tract) Hōnen Major Works: Senchakushū (Selected Passages on the Original View) (1198), One Page Testament (1212) Jien (Jichin) Major Works: Gukanshō (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) (1219), Jichin kashō [or oshō] jikaawase (The Personal Poetry Contest of the Venerable Jichin) (c. 1199), Shūgyokushū (Collection of Gleaned Jewels) (compiled in 1346; expanded in 1594) Note: Kankyo no tomo (Companion for a Solitary Retreat) (1222), a setsuwa collection by the monk Keisei was until recently attributed to Jien. Myōe Major Works: Smashing the Heretical Chariot (1212), Illustrated Account of the Origins of Kegon (early thirteenth century), Entering the Kegon Gate of Liberation Through the Practice of Zen Illumination (1220), The Meaning of the Divine Influences Received Through the Mantra of Radiance (1228), Dream Diary (1230) Shinran Major Works: The True Teaching, Practice and Realization of the Pure Land Way (popularly known as Kyōgyōshinshō; draft written in 1224; completed c. 1247) Dōgen Major Works: Shōbōgenzō (Treasury of the True Dharma-Eye) (1231-53), Shōbōgenzō Zuimonki (Miscellaneous Talks) (1233), Eithei Kōroku (Recorded Sayings at Eiheiji Temple) (1243-53), Fukanzazengi (Universal Recommendation for Zazen Practice) (1227) Nichiren Major Works: Risshō ankoku ron (Treatise on the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation) (1260), Hokke daimoku shō (Treatise on the Recitation of the Title of the Lotus Sūtra) (1264), Kaimoku shō (Opening of the Eyes) (1272) Ippen Major Works: 'Sacred Poem on the Unity of the Ten and One' (1271), 'Sacred Poem on the Six Hundred Thousand People' (1274), 'Hymn on the Specific Vow [of Amida]' (1287) Kitabatake Chikafusa Major Work: Jinnō Shōtōki (Chronicle of the Direct Descents of Gods and Sovereigns) Fujiwara Seika Major Works: Bunshō tattoku kōryō, Chiyo motogusa (1591), Kana Seiri (Plainly Written Truths and Principles), Seika mondō (Seika's Dialogues), Suntetsu roku (A Record of Pithy Sayings) (1606), Daigaku yōryaku (Epitome of the Great Learning) (1619) Suzuki Shōsan Major Works: Banmin tokuyō (Right Action for All) (1661), Ninin bikuni (Two Nuns) (1664), Roankyō (Donkey Saddle Bridge) (1648), Mōanjō (A Safe Staff for the Blind) (1619) Hayashi Razan Major Works: Hai Yaso (The Anti-Jesuit) (1606), Santokushō (Notes on the Three Virtues) (c. 1629), Honchō jinja kō (Study of Our Shinto Shrines), Honchō tsugan (Comprehensive Mirror of Our Nation), Shintō denju (Shintō Initiation), Shunkanshō (Spring Mirror Notes) (1629) Nakae Tōju Major Works: Okina mondō (Dialogues with an Old Man), Jikei Ausetsu (The Diagram of Holding Fast to Reverence, Explained), Genjin (Inquiry into Man) Yamazaki Ansai Major Works: Hekii (Refutation of Heresies) (1647), Bunkai hitsuroku (Reading Notes), Hakurokudō gakukishūchū (Collected Commentaries on Zhu Xi's [Chu Hsi's] Regulations for the White Deer Grotto School) (1650), Yamato shōgaku (Japanese Elementary Learning) (1658) Yamaga Sokō Major Works: Bukyō shogaku (Little Learning of the Warrior's Creed) (1656), Seikyō yōroku (Essential Teachings of the Sages) (1665), Gorui (Classified Discourses) (1665), Chūchō jijitsu (True Facts of the Central Kingdom) (1669), Haisho zampitsu (Autobiography in Exile) (1675) Itō Jinsai Major Works: Dōjimon (Boys' Questions) (1707), Go-Mō jigi (The Meaning of Terms in the Analects and Mencius) (1683) Kaibara Ekken Major Works: Yamato zokkun (Precepts for Daily Life in Japan) (1708), Yamato honzō (Plants of Japan) (1709), Yōjōkun (Precepts for Health Care) (1713), Taigiroku (Record of Grave Doubts) (1714) Ogyū Sorai Major Works: Bendō (Distinguishing the Way) (1717), Seidan (Discourses on Government) (1725?) Motoori Norinaga Major Works: Ashiwake obune (A Small Boat Punting Through the Reed Brake) (1756), Shibun yōryō (The Essence of the Tale of Genji) (1763), Isnokami Sasamegoto (My Personal View of Poetry) (1763), Kuzubana (Arrowroot Blossoms) (1780), Uiyamabumi (The First Step on the Mountain of Learning) (1799), Naobi no mitama (The Rectifying Spirit) (1771), Tamakushige (The Jeweled Comb-Box) (1786), Kojikiden (A Commentary on the Kojiki) (1798), Genji monogatari tama no ogushi (The Small Jeweled Comb: A Study of the Tale of Genji) (1796) Hirata Atsutane Major Works: Kōdo taii (Summary of the Ancient Way) (1811), Koshichō (1811), Shitsunoiwaya (1811), Tama no mihashira (Pillar of the Soul) (1812), Tamadasuki (1829), Koshiden (Commentaries on Ancient History) (1825), Shutsujō shogo (A Laughing Discourse on the Everyday World) (1811), Hongyō gaihen (Supplementary Compilation of Shinto) (1806) Nishida Kitarō Major Works: A Study of Good (1911), Intuition and Reflection in Self-Awakening (1917), From the Acting to the Seeing (1927), The Self-Conscious Determination of Nothingness (1932), Logic and Life (1936), The Logic of Basho and the Religious World View (1945) Tanabe Hajime Major Works: Collected Essays on the Logic of Species (1932-41), Philosophy as Metanoetics (1946), The Dialectics of the Logic of Species (1946), A Dialectical Demonstration of the Truth of Christianity (1948) Uehara Senroku Major Works: Shishin-shō (The Heart of History: Selections) (1940), Gakumon he no Gendaiteki Danso (Contemporary Reflections on Scholarship) (1946-55), Heiwa no Sōzō: Jinrui to Kokumin no Rekishiteki Kadai (Building Peace: Historical Tasks of the Human Race and of the Japanese People) (1950), Sekaishi-Ninshiki no Shin-Kadai (New Tasks Toward a Global Historical Consciousness) (1963-68), Shisha Seisha: Nichiren Ninshiki no Hassō to Shiten (The Dead and the Living: The Notion and Standpoint of Nichiren Consciousness) (1970), Kureta no Tsubo: Sekaishi-zō Keisei no tame no Shidoku (The Cretan Jar: Readings Toward the Formation of Global Historical Consciousness) (1975) Nishitani Keiji Major Works: Kongenteiki Shutaisei no Tetsugaku (The Philosophy of Fundamental Subjectivity) (1940), Nihirizumu (The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism) (1946; English translation, 1990), Shūkyō to wa Nanika (What Is Religion? Translated as Religion and Nothingness) (1961; English translation, 1982), Nishida Kitarō (1985; English translation, 1991); Zen no Tachiba (The Standpoint of Zen) (1986) Korea: Wŏnhyo Major Works: Commentary and Supplementary Notes on the Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna (c. 622-676), Treatise on Ten Approaches to the Reconciliation of Doctrinal Controversy (date unknown), Arouse Your Mind and Practice! (date unknown), Exposition of the Adamantine Absorption Scipture (c. 685) Chinul Major Works: Encouragement to Practice: The Compact of the Concentration and Wisdom Community (1190), Secrets on Cultivating the Mind (1203-05), Admonitions to Beginning Students (1205), Straight Talks on the True Mind (c. 1205), Abridgement of the Commentary of the Flower Garden Sūtra (1207), Excerpts from the Dharma Collection and Separate Circulation Record with Personal Notes (1209) Yi T'oegye Major Works: Chyonmyongdo (Revision of Chong Chi-Un's Old Diagram of the Mandate of Heaven) (1553), Chujasojolyo (Essentials of Master Chu's Letters) (1556), Jasongnok (Self-Reflections) (1558), T'oegye Kobong Wangbokso (The T'oegye-Kobong Correspondence) (1559-67), Songhakshipdo (Ten Diagrams of Confucianist Learning) (1567) Hyujŏng Major Works: The Mirror of the Three Teachings, The Mirror of the Meditation School (1564) Yi Yulgok (Yi I) Major Works: Donghomundap (Conversations on Politics Between Host and Guest) (1569), Hyangyak (On the Community Pact) (1571), Dap Songhowon (The Yulgok-Ugye Correspondence) (1572), Songhakjibjo (Essentials of Confucianist Learning) (1575), Kyokmongyokyol (A Primer of Neo-Confucianism) (1577), Sohakjipchu (Collected Annotations on the Small Learning) (1579), Kyongyonilki (A Diary of Royal Lectures) (1581) Han Yongun Major Works: Treatise on the Reform of Korean Buddhism (1913), 'A Discourse on the Independence of Korea' (1919), The Silence of Love (1926) World of Islam: Rābi'a al-Adawiyya Major Works: Sayings compiled by later biographers, especially Fariduddin 'Attar (d. c. 1230) in his Memorial of the Friends of God Al-Kindī Major Works: Fī al-Falsafat al-Ūlā (On First Philosophy), Risāla fī Kammiyyat Kutub Arisṭūṭālīs wa mā yuḥtāj ilaih fī Taḥṣīl al-Falsafa (Treatise on the Number of Aristotle's Books and What Is Needed to Attain Philosophy), Risāla fī al-Ḥīla li-Daf' al-Aḥzan (Treatise on the Device for Driving Away Sorrows), Risāla fī Alfāẓ Suqrāṭ (Treatise on the Utterances of Socrates) Abū Bakr al-Rāzī Major Works: Book of the Philosophic Life, Book of Spiritual Medicine Al-Fārābī Major Works: al-Madīna al-fāḍilah (The Opinion of the People of the Virtuous City), Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, About the Scope of Aristotle's Metaphysics, On the Intellect, The Harmony Between the Views of the Divine Plato and Aristotle, The Attainment of Happiness, Aphorisms of the Statesman Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) Major Works: Kitāb al-Shifā (The Book of Healing), Kitāb al-Najāt (The Book of Deliverance), Risālah fi'l-'ishq (Treatise on Love), Ḥayy in Yaqzān (The Son of the Awake), Risālah al-ṭa'īr (Treatise on Birds), Fountains of Wisdom, al-Ishārāt wa'l tanbīhāt (The Book of Directives and Remarks), Manṭiq al-mashriqiyīn (Logic of the Orientals) Qushayri Major Works: Risālah (The Treatise on Sufism), Lat'aif al-Ishārāt (Subtlest Indications) Al-Ghazālī Major Works: Intentions of the Philosophers, The Deliverer from Error, Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Just Mean in Belief, Revival of Religious Sciences, The Elixir of Happiness Shahrastānī Major Works: Kitab al-Milal wa'l-Nihal (The Book of Religions and Philosophical Communities) (1127); Nihayat al-'Iqdam (The Culmination of Demonstration in Scholastic Theology) Averroes (Ibn Rushd) Major Works: The Decisive Treatise, The Incoherence of the Incoherence, Commentary on Plato's Republic, Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric Suhrawardī Major Works: Philosophy of Illuminations (Ḥikmat al-ishrāq), The Book of Intimations, The Book of Oppositions, The Book of Conversations, The Flashes of Light, The Knowledge of God, Treatise on Illumination Ibn 'Arabī Major Works: Interpreter of Desires (1214-15), The Ringsettings of Wisdom (begun in 1229), Meccan Openings (1201-38) Sirhindī Major Works: Maktūbāt (Letters), Mabda'-ō-Ma'ād (Origin and Return), Ithbāt al-Nubuwwa (The Affirmation of Prophecy) Mullā Ṣadrā (Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī) Major Works: al-Asfār al-arba'ah (The Four Journeys of the Soul), al-Mabda' wa'l-ma'ād (The Book of Origin and Return), al-Shawāhid al-rubūbiyyah (Divine Witnessess), al-Hikmat al-'arshiyyah (Descending from the Divine Throne), Commenary on Avicenna's Shifa', Commentary on Suhrawardī's Hikmat al-Ishrāq Shāh Walĩ Allāh Major Works: Ḥujjat Allāh al-Bāligha (The Conclusive Argument From God), al-Budūr al-Bāzigha (Full Moons Rising) Muhammad Iqbal Major Works: Asrar-i Khudi (Secrets of the Self) (1915), Rumuz-i Bikhudi (Mysteries of Selflessness) (1918), Payam-i Mashriq (Message of the East) (1923), Zubur-i 'Ajam (Persian Hymns) (1927), Six Lectures on the Lectures on the Reconstruction of Islamic Thought (1930), Javid Namah (Book of Eternity) (1932), Bal-i Jibril (Gabriel's Swing) (1936), Armaghan-i Hijaz (Gift of Hijaz) (1938) Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusain Tabāṭabā'ī Major Works: Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an (Balance in Qur'anic Commentary) (n.d.), Qu'ran dar Islam (Qur'an in Islam), Rawabit-i Ijtima'i dar Islam (Social Relations in Islam) (n.d.), Usul Falsafah wa Rawish-i Realism (Foundations of Philosophy and Method of Realism) (1953-85), Tafsir a-Mizan (Qur'anic Commentary) (1965), Shi'ah dar Islam (Shi'ism in Islam) (1969), Shi'ah: Majmu'ah-i Muzakrat ba Professor Henry Corbin (Shi'ism: Collection of Discussions with Professor Henry Corbin) (1976), Usul-i Falsafah-i Realism (Foundations of Realist Philosophy) (1976), Falsah-i Iqtisad-i Islam (Philosophy of Islam's Economics) (1982), Nahayah al-Hikmah (Ultimates of Knowledge) (1984) 18 October To continue with what I started in the 5 October post, the films ranked 6-10 (and which are not ranked 1-5) in the five lists that rank the entries which appeared on... ...7 of the 8 lists: Lawrence of Arabia The Wizard of Oz ...5 of the 8 lists: La Dolce Vita Rashoman Schindler's List Some Like It Hot ...4 of the 8 lists: L'Atalante 8 1/2 Gone With the Wind The Passion of Joan of Arc ...2 of the 8 lists: Au Hasard Balthazar 19 October The films ranked 11-15 (and which are not ranked 1-10) in the five lists that rank entries which appeared on... ...8 of the 8 lists: Psycho Star Wars ...6 of the 8 lists: Battleship Potemkin City Lights Dr. Strangelove ...5 of the 8 lists: The Gold Rush Goodfellas ...4 of the 8 lists: Aguirre: The Wrath of God Apocalypse Now Breathless Pather Panchali The Third Man ...1 of the 8 lists: Late Spring 20 October And finally (for now) the films ranked 16-20 (and not ranked 1-15) in the five lists that rank entries which appeared on... ...6 of the 8 lists: The General Intolerance On the Waterfront Sunset Boulevard ...5 of the 8 lists: E T - The Extra-Terrestrial It's a Wonderful Life ...4 of the 8 lists: The Graduate ...2 of the 8 lists: Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles Ordet Persona Solaris ...1 of the 8 lists: Mirror 21 October A chronological list of films, consisting of those films that ranked at least once in positions, 1-20, in any of the five lists with ranked entries, and which appeared on at least four of the eight lists (Wikipedia links provided): Intolerance 1916 D W Griffith, director Battleship Potemkin 1925 Sergei Eisenstein, director The Gold Rush 1925 Charlie Chaplin, director The General 1926 Buster Keaton and Clyde Bruckman, directors Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans 1927 F W Murnau, director The Passion of Joan of Arc 1928 Carl Theodor Dreyer, director City Lights 1931 Charlie Chaplin, director L'Atalante 1934 Jean Vigo, director Gone With the Wind 1939 Victor Fleming, director The Rules of the Game 1939 Jean Renoir The Wizard of Oz 1939 Victor Fleming, director Citizen Kane 1941 Orson Welles, director Casablanca 1942 Michael Curtiz It's a Wonderful Life 1946 Frank Capra, director The Third Man 1949 Carol Reed Rashoman 1950 Kurosawa Akira Sunset Boulevard 1950 Billy Wilder, director Tokyo Story 1953 Ozu Yasujiro, director Seven Samurai 1954 Kurosawa Akira Singin' in the Rain 1952 Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen, directors Some Like It Hot 1959 Billy Wilder, director On the Waterfront 1954 Elia Kazan, director Pather Panchali 1955 Satyajit Ray The Searchers 1956 John Ford, director Vertigo 1959 Alfred Hitchcock, director Breathless 1960 Jean-Luc Godard, director Psycho 1960 Alfred Hitchcock, director La Dolce Vita 1960 Federico Fellini, director Lawrence of Arabia 1962 David Lean, director 8 1/2 1963 Federico Fellini, director Dr. Strangelove Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb 1964 Stanley Kubrick, director The Graduate 1967 Mike Nichols, director 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968 Stanley Kubrick, director Aguierre, the Wrath of God 1972 Werner Herzog, director The Godfather 1972 Francis Ford Coppola, director The Godfather Part II 1974 Francis Ford Coppola, director Chinatown 1974 Roman Polanski, director Star Wars 1977 George Lucas, director Apocalypse Now 1979 Francis Ford Coppola, director Raging Bull 1980 Martin Scorsese, director E T the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Steven Speilberg, director Goodfellas 1990 Martin Scorsese, director Schindler's List 1993 Steven Speilberg, director 22 October Several of the films in the informal canon I've constructed were based on novels, as indeed such a large number of films tend to be. Do these books get elevated to a particular kind of quasi-canonical status? Presumably, a bad film adaptation won't make a book less esteemed (though you do have to wonder about The Bonfire of the Vanities...) if only because we can all state with certainly that any untalented schmuck could exploit a great novel to make a crappy film. The opposite scenario, though, is certainly intriguing. Does Kubrick's The Shining, which seems to become more canonical by the day, make Stephen King's The Shining more significant? Not better, of course, but more canonical: that is, do we recommend it as the first King novel to read (if any) or rank it as an important genre-fiction work? There's also the possibility that the two works in question could mutually benefit from a film adaptation. That is, the film causes readers to reconsider the book; this elevation of the book's status in turn makes the film seem more significant. A list of literary works on which some of our canonical films have been based (if the titles aren't the same, the film is listed first---Wikipedia links provided): Rules of the Game: Alfred de Musset - Les Caprices de Marianne [1833] The Wizard of Oz: L Frank Baum - The Wonderful Wizard of Oz [1900] Ryunosuke Akutagawa - 'Rashoman' [1915] and 'In a Grove' [1922]: stories used as the basis for the film Rashoman Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans: Hermann Sudermann - 'Die Reise Nach Tilsit' (Trip to Tilset), part of Lithuanian Stories [1917] Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay - Pather Panchali [1929] Margaret Mitchell - Gone With the Wind [1936] It's a Wonderful Life: Philip Van Doren Stern - The Greatest Gift [1944] Privately published as a monograph at first, this story was featured in Reader's Scope and Good Housekeeping magazines (in the latter as 'The Man Who Was Never Born'). Vertigo: Pierre Boileau and Pierre Ayraud, under the pseudonym Thomas Narcejac - D'Entre les Morts (The Living and the Dead) [1954] Alan Le May - The Searchers [1954] Robert Bloch - Psycho [1959] Dr. Strangelove: Peter George [under the pseudonym, Peter Bryant] - Two Hours to Doom; later re-titled Red Alert [1958] Charles Webb - The Graduate [1963] Arthur C Clarke - 2001: A Space Odyssey [1968] Developed in tandem with the film Mario Puzo - The Godfather [1969] Jake LaMotta - Raging Bull: My Story [1970] Thomas Keneally - Schindler's Ark; titled Schindler's List for U S version [1982] Goodfellas: Nicholas Pileggi - Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family [1986] Murray Bennett and Joan Alison's Everbody Comes to Rick's was meant to be a play, but had not been performed when it was sold to Warner Brothers and was adapted to film as Casablanca. Graham Greene wrote the screenplay for The Third Man, but had also written a novella version to prepare for writing the script; the novella was published after the film. On the Waterfront is based on a series of New York Sun articles by Malcolm Johnson entitled 'Crime on the Waterfront'; these have been published in book form. -- More novels that have been made into films that were critically acclaimed or at least are of significance to cinematic history, and well-regarded novels whose cinematic adaptations have not necessarily been successful: Warren Adler - The War of the Roses John Ball - In the Heat of the Night Larry Beinhart - American Hero [Wag the Dog] Peter Benchley - Jaws John Boland - The League of Gentlemen Pierre Boulle - La Planète des Singes (The Planet of the Apes); Le Pont de la Rivière Kwa (The Bridge on the River Kwai) Lothar-Günther Buchheim - Das Boot James M Cain - Double Indemnity Truman Capote - Breakfast at Tiffany's Camilo Jose Cela - La Colmena (The Hive) Pat Conroy - The Great Santini; The Prince of Tides Philip K Dick - Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? [Blade Runner] Alan Duff - Once Were Warriors Umberto Eco - Il Nome Della Rosa (The Name of the Rose) Ivan Efremov - Tumannost' Andromedy (The Andromeda Nebula) Mircea Eliade - Tinereţe Fără Tinereţe (Youth Without Youth) Hans Fallada - Kleiner Mann, Was Nun? (Little Man, What Now?) Helen Fielding - Bridget Jones's Diary Jack Finney - The Body Snatchers [Invasion of the Body Snatchers] Vardis Fisher - Mountain Man [Jeremiah Johnson] Fannie Flagg - Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe James Fogle - Drugstore Cowboy Neil Gaiman - Stardust Benito Perez Galdos - Tristana Brian Garfield - Death Wish Telman Gdlyan and Evgeny Dodolev - Piramida (The Pyramid: The Soviet Mafia) Graham Greene - Brighton Rock Harry Grey - The Hoods [Once Upon a Time in America] Robert Groom - Forrest Gump Davis Grubb - The Night of the Hunter Judith Guest - Ordinary People Arthur Hailey - Airport Craig Harrison - The Quiet Earth Patricia Highsmith - The Talented Mr. Ripley Oscar Hijuelos - The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love S E Hinton - The Outsiders; Rumble Fish Hirotsu Kazuo - Chichi to Musume (Father and Daughter) [Late Spring] P D James - Children of Men Nikos Kazantzakis - Zorba the Greek Ken Kesey - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest W P Kinsella - Shoeless Joe [Field of Dreams] C J Koch - The Year of Living Dangerously Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky - Teni Zabytyh Predkov (Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors) Milan Kundera - Nesnesitelna Lehkost Byti (The Unbearable Lightness of Being) Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa - Il Gattopardo (The Leopard) Stanislaw Lem - Solaris Norman Maclean - A River Runs Through It Norman Mailer - The Executioner's Song Bernard Malamud - The Natural Whit Masterson - Badge of Evil [Touch of Evil] Richard Matheson - I Am Legend [Omega Man] W Somerset Maugham - The Razor's Edge Cormac McCarthy - No Country for Old Men Ian McEwan - Atonement Rick Moody - The Ice Storm Alberto Moravia - Il Confirmista (The Conformist) David Morrell - First Blood Robert C O'Brien - Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH [The Secret of NIMH] Rex Pickett - Sideways Charles Portis - True Grit Barry Reed - The Verdict Suzuki Koji - Ringu (Ring) Leonardo Sciascia - Il Giorno Della Civetta (The Day of the Owl); A Ciascuno il Suo (To Each His Own) Hubert Selby, Jr. - Last Exit to Brooklyn Dr. Seuss - The Lorax Wladyslaw Spzilman and Jerzy Waldorff - Śmierć Miasta (Death of a City) William Styron - Sophie's Choice Amy Tan - The Joy Luck Club Roderick Thorp - Nothing Lasts Forever [Die Hard] F X Toole - Rope Burns: Stories From the Corner [Million Dollar Baby] Armitage Trail - Scarface B Traven - Der Schatz der Sierra Madre (The Treasure of the Sierra Madre) Anne Tyler - The Accidental Tourist Gore Vidal - Myra Breckinridge Irvine Welsh - Trainspotting Nathanael West - The Day of the Locust E B White - Charlotte's Web Gary K Wolf - Who Censored Roger Rabbit? [Who Framed Roger Rabbit?] Marguerite Yourcenar - L'Oeuvre au Noir (The Abyss) Stefan Zweig - Ungeduld des Herzens (Beware of Pity) Several of August Le Breton's and Joseph Kessel's novels have become films, though Elmore Leonard and Stephen King are the true titans in this category. Jerzy Kosinski's Being There [1970], basis for the Hal Ashby film of the same name, caused much controversy, as it's apparently based (excessively... as in plagiarism) on the Polish novel, The Career of Nikodem Dyzma, by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz While Stanley Kubrick is probably the greatest filmmaker who made literary adaptations almost exclusively, another brilliant cinematic interpreter of literature is the Japanese director Kon Ichikawa, who adapted among other novels Mishima's The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (as Enjo, 1958) and Natsume Soseki's I Am a Cat. Of television series adapting literary works, Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Berlin Alexanderplatz is commonly seen as a masterpiece. A recent project of note is the Brazilian television network Rede Globo's soap opera version of José Marqia de Eça de Queirós's Os Maias. Back to the cinema, a series of books by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir, The Destroyer, birthed only a single film, Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins. Further installments never came to be. Similar to On the Waterfront, Urban Cowboy was based on a magazine article, in this case of the same name, written by one of the two screenwriters, Aaron Latham, published in Esquire; James Bridges worked with Latham on the adaptation. Similar to Wiseguy, other non-fictionworks have become "based on real events" films: Born Free; Le Scaphandre et le Papilion (The Diving Bell and the Butterly); A Beautiful Mind; Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 [Apollo 13]; Girl, Interrupted; Empire of the Sun; Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game; Dead Man Walking; The Basketball Diaries; The Untouchables; All the President's Men; I Am a Fugitive From a Georgia Chain Gang! [I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang]; Into the Wild; Confessions of a Dangerous Mind; The Longest Day; The Orchid Thief [Adaptation]; Jarhead; Flags of Our Fathers; Picture Letters From Commander in Chief [Letters From Iwo Jima]; Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream; Out of Africa. Russian Ark is based in part on La Russie en 1839 by the Marquis de Custine. Short stories become movies: George Langelaan's story 'The Fly', first published in Playboy, Jun. 1957, has spawned several films, while H P Lovecraft's 'Herbert West: Reanimator' inspired the Re-Animator movie series. Annie Proulx's 'Brokeback Mountain' was originally published in the New Yorker, 1997 and then expanded for its inclusion in Close Range: Wyoming Stories. Jonathan Nolan's 'Memento Mori', published in Esquire, began to be adapted by his brother Christopher while Jonathan was still working on the story. Deathdream was inspired by the W W Jacobs story 'The Monkey's Paw'. 'Don't Look Now', a story by Daphne Du Maurier, originally appeared in the collection Not After Midnight. Of course, playwrights, naturally enough, write screenplays, or adapt their own works for the cinema: e.g., David Rabe's Streamers, John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation, and Tony Kusher's Angels in America, Kaj Munk's Ordet. The playwright and screenwriter Chayefsky wrote the screenplay for his only novel, Altered States. Michael Tolkin has worked more as a screenwriter than a novelist; he adapted his novel, The Player, for the Robert Altman film. An example of a novelist who switched to writing films is William Goldman; several of the films he scripted are noteworthy, but for this discussion his novels, Marathon Man and The Princess Bride, are most relevant: he adapted both for the cinema. Carl Sagan's Contact began as a screenplay, became a novel when a film couldn't be made; and was finally adapted for the cinema nearly two decades later. Michael Blake's novel Dances With Wolves was written with its adaptation in mind and indeed he went on to write the screenplay. Henri La Barthe worked on the screenplay version of his novel, Pépé le Moko. -- Flavorwire's 10 Great Movies Based on Poems, though it's one of those dumb list-articles (the popularity of which Buzz Feed seems to be most blame-worthy) from one of those awful advertisement-laden sites that are the equivalent of the free magazines on airplanes, is certainly interesting. 23 October A nice short piece published at The Awl about the criticisms directed at Penguin for their decision to release Morrissey's Autobiography in their Classics line. As with so many articles on the web, it has two titles: Is Morrissey a Classic? and Classic Morrissey. 24 October The master list for the "great books" project, however much it is expanded to include other lists already extant, would not serve in any way as a good introductory guide to history books. A list I constructed a few years back of history professors associated with the University of Wisconsin—Madison, which in the second half of the Twentieth Century was arguably the source of more innovative historical scholarship than any other U S university, suggests a way of constructing mini-canons within the larger canon: lists defined by a certain place, profession (or instead subject matter), genre, era, and context. professors: Paul Boyer: Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America From the Gilded Age to the Computer Age [1968] (with Stephen Nissenbaum) Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft [1974] Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 [1978] By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age [1985] When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture [1992] Fallout: A Historian Reflects on America's Half-Century Encounter With Nuclear Weapons [1998] William Cronon: Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England [1983] Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West [1991] Merle Curti: The American Peace Crusade 1815-1960 [1929] Bryan and World Peace [1931] The Social Ideas of American Educators [1932] Peace or War: The American Struggle 1636-1936 [1936] The Growth of American Thought [1943] The Roots of American Loyalty [1946] The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County [1959] Human Nature in American Thought [1980] Fred Harrington: God, Mammon, and the Japanese: Dr. Horace N Allen and Korean-American Relations, 1884-1905 [1944] Fighting Politician: Major General N P Banks [1948] [Harrington is largely remembered as a long-time head of the University's History department and, later, the University itself; arguably, he is the single individual most responsible for U W--Madison's standing in the History field, most of all for hiring leftist academics (Williams, Goldberg) and defending academic freedom.] Gerda Lerner: The Grimke Sisters From South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery [1967] The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History [1979] The Creation of Patriarchy [1986] The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy [1993] Why History Matters [1997] Fireweed: A Political Autobiography [2002] Alfred McCoy: The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia: C I A Complicity in the Global Drug Trade [1972] Drug Traffic: Narcotics and Organized Crime in Australia [1980] Priests on Trial [1984] Closer Than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy [1999] A Question of Torture: C I A Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror [2006] Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State [2009] George Mosse: The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich [1964] Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a 'Third Force' in Pre-Nazi Germany [1970] The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany From the Napoleonic Wars Through the Third Reich [1975] Nazism: A Historical and Comparative Analysis of National Socialism [1978] Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism [1978] Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality [1980] German Jews Beyond Judaism [1985] Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe [1985] Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars [1990] Confronting the Nation: Jewish and Western Nationalism [1993] The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity [1996] Confronting History [2002] Stanley Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal [1973] Basque Nationalism [1975] Fascism: Comparison and Definition [1980] Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview [1984] Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931-1936 [1993] A History of Fascism 1914-1945 [1996] Fascism in Spain 1923-1977 [2000] The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism [2004] The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936 [2006] Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II [2008] Spain: A Unique History [2011] The Spanish Civil War [2012] doctoral students and professors: Harvey Goldberg: American Radicals: Some Problems and Personalities [1957] French Colonialism: Progress or Poverty? [1959] The Life of Jean Jaurès [1962] [Goldberg achieved his renown primarily as a lecturer; visit the Harvey Goldberg Center for the Study of Contemporary History] William Appleman Williams: American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 [1952] The Tragedy of American Diplomacy [1959] The Contours of American History [1961] The United States, Cuba, and Castro: An Essay on the Dynamics of Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire [1962] The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and on the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic Into the Dialogue About AmericaÂ’s Future [1965] The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society [1969] Some Presidents: Wilson to Nixon [1972] America Confronts a Revolutionary World: 1776-1976 [1976] Americans in a Changing World: A History of the United States in the Twentieth Century [1978] Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America's Present Predicament, Along with a Few Thoughts About an Alternative [1980] doctoral students: Carl Becker [before Harrington's time] Allen Freeman Davis Lloyd Gardner John Higham Richard Hofstadter Walter LaFeber Roderick Nash 25 October 2013 A mini-canon broader in scope than the list of books by Wisconsin historians: the "long Sixties" beginning in 1955, the year following McCarthy's fall and which witnessed Rock-and-Roll's rise and James Dean's death, ending in 1973 after the failure of McGovern's presidential campaign and the Vietnam war finally, excruciatingly wrapping up. These are the books—some obvious omissions undoubtedly are still outstanding—one would need to study, alongside many music albums, films, art books, and retrospective historical accounts, to understand what happened just in the U S (a few non-American books are included because of their transnational significance). Some helpful Wikipedia links are provided for broader subjects pertaining to the work in question. 1955 Robert Conquest, ed. - Poets of the 1950s [The Movement] Herbert Marcuse - Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud Vladimir Nabakov - Lolita Sloan Wilson - The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 Eugene Burdick - The Ninth Wave Robert Conquest, ed. - New Lines Allen Ginsburg - Howl and Other Poems [Six Gallery reading] C Wright Mills - The Power Elite John Osborne - Look Back in Anger [The angry young men] William H Whyte - The Organization Man Colin Wilson - The Outsider 1957 Lawrence Durrell - Justine (The Alexandria Quartet) Jack Kerouac - On the Road [The Beat generation] Tom Maschler, ed. - Declaration John Osborne - The Entertainer Harold Pinter - The Birthday Party Nevil Shute - On the Beach 1958 Peter Bryant [Peter George] - Two Hours to Doom [U S title: Red Alert] Eugene Burdick and William Lederer - The Ugly American Shelagh Delaney - A Taste of Honey Lawrence Durrell - Balthazar (The Alexandria Quartet) Lawrence Durrell - Mountolive (The Alexandria Quartet) John Kenneth Galbraith - The Affluent Society Lawrence Ferlinghetti - A Coney Island of the Mind Robert Frank - The Americans Jack Kerouac - The Dharma Bums Martin Luther King, Jr. - Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story Martin Mayer - Madison Avenue, U S A Linus Pauling - No More War! Alan Sillitoe - Saturday Night and Sunday Morning 1959 Kenneth Anger - Hollywood Babylon John Arden - Serjeant Musgrave's Dance, An Un-historical Parable Norman O Brown - Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History William S Burroughs - Naked Lunch Norman Mailer - Advertisements for Myself C P Snow - The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution Terry Southern/ Mason Hoffenberg - Candy Keith Waterhouse - Billy Liar William Appleman Williams - The Tragedy of American Diplomacy 1960 Donald Allen, ed. - The New American Poetry 1945-1960 Ansel Adams/ Nancy Newhall - This Is the American Earth Lawrence Durrell - Clea (The Alexandria Quartet) Paul Goodman - Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society R D Laing - The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness [Anti-psychiatry] C Wright Mills - Listen, Yankee: The Revolution in Cuba Harold Pinter - A Night Out William L Shirer - The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany Terry Southern - The Magic Christian Glendon Swarthout - Where the Boys Are [Spring break] Sheldon Wolin - Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought [The Berkeley school of political theory] 1961 John Cage - Silence: Lectures and Writings Frantz Fanon - The Wretched of the Earth Waldo Frank - Prophetic Island: A Portrait of Cuba [The Fair Play for Cuba Committee] Joseph Heller - Catch-22 Jane Jacobs - The Death and Life of Great American Cities Thomas Szasz - The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct Colin Wilson - Adrift in Soho 1962 Edward Albee - Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Daniel Boorstin - The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America Helen Gurley Brown - Sex and the Single Girl Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler - Fail-Safe Anthony Burgess - A Clockwork Orange Rachel Carson - Silent Spring Michael Harrington - The Other America Ken Kesey - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1963 Hannah Arendt - Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil Leonard Cohen - The Favourite Game Betty Friedan - The Feminine Mystique [The Second Wave of Feminism] Dag Hammarskjold - Vagmarken Mary McCarthy - The Group Sylvia Plath - The Bell Jar 1964 Eric Berne - Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships Edward Bond - Saved J P Clark - America, Their America Leonard Cohen - Flowers for Hitler Dick Gregory/ Richard Lipsyte - Nigger: An Autobiography Stuart Hall/ Paddy Whannel - The Popular Arts John Lennon - In His Own Write Ken Kesey - Sometimes a Great Notion Martin Luther King, Jr. - Why We Can't Wait [The civil-rights movement] Timothy Leary/ Ralph Metzner - The Psychedelic Experience: A Manuel Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead Herbert Marcuse - One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society Michael McClure - The Beard Marshall McLuhan - Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man Harold Pinter - The Homecoming Idries Shah - The Sufis 1965 Gypsy Boots/ Jerry Hopkins - Barefeet and Good Things to Eat Lenny Bruce - How to Talk Dirty and Influence People Eugene Burdick - The 480 Frank Herbert - Dune Pauline Kael - I Lost It at the Movies John Lennon - A Spaniard in the Works John McPhee - A Sense of Where You Are Ralph Nader - Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile Gary Snyder - Six Sections From Mountains and Rivers Without End Tom Wolfe - The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby [New Journalism] Malcolm X/ Alex Haley - The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1966 Peter L Berger and Thomas Luckmann - The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Kenneth Burke - Language as Symbolic Action Truman Capote - In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences Leonard Cohen - Beautiful Losers Tom Hayden/ Staughton Lynd - The Other Side [The anti-war movement] Daniel Keyes - Flowers for Algernon Mark Lane - Rush to Judgment: A Critique of the Warren Commission's Inquiry Into the Murders of President John F Kennedy, Officer J D Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald William H Masters/ Virginia E Johnson - Human Sexual Response [The sexual revolution] Carl Sagan/ I S Shklovski - Intelligent Life in the Universe Susan Sontag - Against Interpretation and Other Essays Jacqueline Susann - Valley of the Dolls Robert Venturi - Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture 1967 Richard Brautigan - Trout Fishing in America Stokely Carmichael/ Charles V Hamilton - Black Power: The Politics of Liberation J William Fulbright - The Arrogance of Power Thomas A Harris - I'm O K – You're O K Tom Hayden - Rebellion in Newark: Official Violence and Ghetto Response Marshall McLuhan/ Quentin Fiore - The Medium Is the Massage Jonathan Schell - The Village of Ben Suc Valerie Solanas - The SCUM Manifesto Hunter S Thompson - Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Howard Zinn - Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawl 1968 Carlos Castaneda - The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge Eldridge Cleaver - Soul on Ice Joan Didion - Slouching Towards Bethlehem Ed Dorn - Gunslinger Paul Ehrlich - The Population Bomb Frederick Exley - A Fan's Notes Free [Abbie Hoffman] - Revolution for the Hell of It [The Youth International Party (Yippies)] Paulo Freire - Pedagogia do Oprimido Saint Geraud [Bill Knott] - The Naomi Poems: Book One: Corpse and Beans James Simon Kunen - The Strawberry Statement: Notes of a College Revolutionary Staughton Lynd - The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism Norman Mailer - The Armies of the Night: History as a Novel/The Novel as History N Scott Momaday - House Made of Dawn [The Native American renaissance] Andrew Sarris - The American Cinema: Directors and Directions 1929-1968 [The auteur theory] Jonathan Schell - The Military Half Gore Vidal - Myra Breckinridge Erich Von Däniken - Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past Andy Warhol - a, A Novel [The Factory] Leonard and Deborah Wolf - Voices From the Love Generation Tom Wolfe - The Pump House Gang Tom Wolfe - The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test 1969 Penelope Ashe - Naked Came the Stranger H Rap Brown - Die Nigger Die! James H Cone - Black Theology and Black Power [Liberation theology] Brion Gysin - The Process Thomas Anthony Harris - I'm O K, You're O K Abbie Hoffman - Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album J [Terry Garrity] - The Sensuous Woman Ursula K Le Guin - The Left Hand of Darkness Carlos Marighella - Minimanual do Guerrilheiro Urbano Joe McGinnis - The Selling of the President 1968 Kate Millett - Sexual Politics N Scott Momaday - The Way to Rainy Mountain Theodore Roszak - The Making of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition Gary Snyder - Four Changes Kurt Vonnegut - Slaughterhouse-Five 1970 Richard Bach - Jonathan Livingston Seagull James H Cone - A Black Theology of Liberation Shulamith Firestone - The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution Jerry Farber - The Student as Nigger Dario Fo - Accidental Death of an Anarchist Stephen Gaskin - Monday Night Class Lois Goul - Such Good Friends Albert Hirschman - Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States Hal Lindsey and C C Carlson - The Late, Great Planet Earth William H Masters/ Virginia E Johnson - Human Sexual Inadequacy Don McNeill - Moving Through Here Charles A Reich - The Greening of America Jerry Rubin - DO IT!: Scenarios of the Revolution Lynn Schroeder/ Sheila Ostrander - Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain Telford Taylor - Nuremberg and Vietnam: An American Tragedy Eric Weber - How to Pick Up Girls! 1971 Anonymous [Beatrice Sparks] - Go Ask Alice Ram Dass - Be Here Now Bob Dylan - Tarantula Gustavo Gutiérrez - A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation J [Terry Garrity, John Garrity, and Len Forman] - The Sensuous Man Abbie Hoffman - Steal This Book Ivan Illich - Deschooling Society John McPhee - Encounters With the Archdruid Michael Murphy - Golf in the Kingdom William Powell - The Anarchist Cookbook Colin Wilson - The Occult: A History 1972 John Berger - Ways of Seeing Alex Comfort - The Joy of Sex David Halberstam - The Best and the Brightest Ira Levin - The Stepford Wives Robert Masters and Jean Houston - Mind Games: The Guide to Inner Space Donnella H Matthews, Dennis L Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W Behrens III - The Limits to Growth Nena O'Neill and George O'Neill - Open Marriage: A New Life Style for Couples Alix Kates Shulman - Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen Hunter S Thompson - Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream 1973 The Boston Women's Health Book Collective - Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women Rita Mae Brown - Rubyfruit Jungle Jill Johnston - Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution Erica Jong - Fear of Flying 26 October Though the Village Voice Pazz and Jop poll doesn't contribute to the music-albums list I developed here, it's undoubtedly another major factor to consider in any sort of canon of Rock and a few other music genres. Unfortunately, the page [previously found] at the Village Voice site only goes back to 2008, while the archive available at the page at Robert Christgau's site includes only the top-ranking albums. Perhaps some of those extremely-long lists made from every participant's list being thrown into one master list, as well as the individual lists (each consisting of only 10 albums), are available via the Internet Archive. 27 October The Newsweek issue of September 20, 1937, featured a brief report about St. John's College's announcement of a new curriculum based on "the world's greatest 126 books." The college's new president, Stringfellow Barr, and its dean, Scott Buchanan, based their choice of books "on their experience at Columbia, Chicago, Virginia and Oxford universities." To obtain their degree in this four-year plan, students "must prove they know the 126 books forward and backward, show a competence in the liberal arts, ability to read at least two foreign languages, know mathematics through elementary calculus, and have passed 300 hours of laboratory science." Robert Hutchins no less, of the University of Chicago and later to become co-editor of The Great Books of the Western World, joined the college's "board of visitors and governors" and praised the new curriculum as a potential turning point in liberal-arts education. We're not including any St. John's list, or any syllabi/ curricula, in this project, given that they are essentially ongoing projects persistently changing, at least in principle. Granted, a course that has ended or at least changed its name, for example Columbia's General Honors course, the first "great books" class, which morphed into the Colloquium on Important Books fairly early in that program's history, could be included, but generally speaking such a project would require original archival research. For now, we can compare the current reading lists [see 26 February post] to this original 126-item canon (transcribed as it is presented in the Newsweek article): Homer, Iliad and Odyssey; Æschylus, Oresteia; Herodotus, History; Sophocles, Œdipus Rex; Hippocrates, Selections; Euripides, Medea and Electra Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Wars; Old Testament; Aristophanes, Frogs, Clouds, Birds; Aristarchus, on the Distance of the Sun and Moon; Aristoxenus, Harmony; Plato, Mena, Republic, Sophist; Aristotle, Organon and Poetics; Archimedes, Works; Euclid, Elements; Apollonius, Conics; Lucian, True History; Plutarch, Lives; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things; Nicomachus, Introduction to Arithmetic Ptolemy, Almagest; Virgil, Æneid; Strabo, Geography; Livy, History of Rome; Cicero, De Officiis; Horace, Ars Poetica; Ovid, Metamorphoses; Quintillian, Institutes; Marcus Aurelius, To Himself; New Testament Galen, On the Natural Faculties; Plotinus, Enneads; Augustine, De Musica and De Magistro; Song of Roland; Volsunga Saga; Bonaventura, On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology; Thomas, Summa Theologica. Roger Bacon, Opus Maius; Chaucer, Canterbury Tales; Leonardo, Note-books; Erasmus, Colloquies; Rabelais, Gargantua; Copernicus, De Revolutionibus; Machiavelli, The Prince; Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart; Gilbert, On the Magnet; Kepler, Epitome of Astronomy; Galileo, Two New Sciences; Descartes, Geometry; Francis Bacon, Novum Organum; Hobbes, Leviathan; Montaigne, Essays; Cervantes, Don Quixote; Shakespeare, Hamlet, King Lear; Calvin, Institutes; Grotius, The Law of War and Peace; Corneille, Le Cid; Racine, Phedre; Moliere, Tartuffe; Spinoza, Ethics; Milton, Paradise Lost; Leibniz, Mathematical Papers; Newton, Principia; Boyle, Skeptical Chymist; Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws; Swift, Gulliver's Travels; Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Voltaire, Candide; Fielding, Tom Jones; Rousseau, Social Contract; Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations; Hume, Treatise of Human Nature; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Constitution of the United States; Federalist Papers; Kant, Critique of Pure Reason; Goethe, Faust; Hegel, Science of Logic; Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea; Coleridge, Biographia Literaria; Bentham, Principles of Morals and of Legislation; Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population; Mill, System of Logic; Marx, Capital; Balzac, Père Goriot; Thackeray, Henry Esmond; Dickens, David Copperfield; Flaubert, Madame Bovary; Dostoyevski, Crime and Punishment; Tolstoy, War and Peace Zola, Experimental Novel; Ibsen, The Doll's House. Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy; Clifford, The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences; Fourier, Mathematical Analysis of Heat; Faraday, Experimental Researches Into Electricity; Peacock, Algebra; Lobachevski, Theory of Parallels; Darwin, Origin of Species; Mendel, Papers; Bernard, Introduction to Experimental Medicine; Galton, Enquiries Into the Human Mind and Its Faculties; Joule, Scientific Papers; Maxwell, Electricity and Magnetism; Gauss, Mathematical Papers; Galois, Mathematical Papers; Boole, Laws of Thought; Hamilton, Quarternions; Riemann, The Hypotheses of Geometry; Cantor, Transfinite Numbers; Virchow, Cellular Pathology; Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis; Hilbert, Foundations of Geometry; James, Principles of Psychology; Freud, Papers on Hysteria; Russell and Whitehead, Principia Mathematica; Veblen and Young, Projective Geometry. 28 October Seeing the band, Cave, in concert Saturday, reminded yet again of the Chicago record label, Drag City, and its extraordinary role in Indie music, or whatever you might want to call most contemporary song-composing music. A lesson to learn: the label heads listened to Neil Hagerty of Royal Trux when he told them to sign up Will Oldham; they listened again when Oldham told them about Joanna Newsom. The artist as talent scout. Instead of a chronological list of the label's releases like you can get at Discogs or Rate Your Music, I've come up with this list of most of the artists with a long-standing working relationship with Drag City, arranged chronologically by the year the artist first released an L.P on the label. If their debut L.P came out on another label, the year that debut was released is noted in brackets. 1990 Royal Trux [1988] 1992 Smog 1993 King Kong [1991] The Palace Brothers/ Will Oldham/ Bonnie 'Prince' Billy 1994 Gastr del Sol Ghost [1990] The Red Krayola [1967] The Silver Jews 1995 Flying Saucer Attack [1994] 1996 Neil Hamburger [1992] 1997 Edith Frost Jim O'Rourke [1989] Mick Turner 1998 David Grubbs [1997] 1999 Brother J T [1991] Papa M U S Maple [1995] 2000 The Fucking Champs [1994] 2003 Azita Alasdair Roberts [2001] 2004 Espers Faun Fables Joanna Newsom 2005 Six Organs of Admittance [1998] 2006 White Magic 2007 Sir Richard Bishop [1998] Major Stars [1998] P G Six [2001] 2009 Magik Markers [2002] Monotonix Om [2005] Sic Alps [2006] 2010 Scout Niblett [2001] 2011 Cave [2007] Ty Segall [2008] 29 October Amid all the talk of a current golden age of television, which, if we're to date it by the premieres of shows, reached a peak in the years, 2005-10 (Mad Men, Breaking Bad, The Walking Dead; The Colbert Report; It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Louie, Eastbound and Down), another golden age, roughly spanning the years 1986-93, gets short shrift. Of course, given that such a large number of Americans have grown obsessed with televisual entertainment—internet, cable, what-have-you—if those same individuals granted past classics (say, The Fugitive, The Monkees, The Bob Newhart Show, Hill Street Blues) the same kind of obsessive watching granted the crappy shows of this recent era (Dexter, Modern Family) they'd decide television is one giant golden specter rightly taking its place as the godhead of our computer age. Perhaps they won't. So let's review the programs that truly paved the way for the current post-Big Three era. [It's Garry Shandling's Show, 1986-90, Showtime, Fox] Pee-Wee's Playhouse, 1986-91, C B S Star Trek: The Next Gernation, 1987-94, syndicated Kids in the Hall, 1988-95, C B C, H B O, and C B S China Beach, 1988-91, A B C Roseanne, 1988-97, A B C The Adventures of Pete and Pete, 1989-96, Nickelodeon Cops, 1989-present, Fox, Spike/ Paramount Network The Simpsons, 1989- present, Fox Seinfeld, 1990-98, N B C [The pilot for Seinfeld, called The Seinfeld Chronicles, aired in 1989 and tends to be counted as a Seinfeld episode, annoyingly ignoring obvious continuity problems.] Twin Peaks, 1990-91, A B C The Larry Sanders Show, 1992-98, H B O Homicide: Life on the Street, 1993-99, N B C The X-Files, 1993-2002, Fox Politically Incorrect, 1993-2002, Comedy Central, A B C [It's Garry Shandling's Show, which I inexplicably left off the original post despite loving it when I was a kid [on second thought, I suppose that I considered it to be an "Eighties" show, but given that some of these programs left the air in 1991, we can include both of Shandling's programs], is, as far as I'm concerned, still ahead of its time, our time, your time—whenever. The lead character breaks the fourth wall, yes, but so much more is going on than that. To some extent, the mysterious nature of this show's fictional world is due to what the creators of the show did not explain.] So what makes these shows so significant? We can obviously say that Curb Your Enthusiasm would've never existed if not for Seinfeld. Moreover, Seinfeld's influence on Arrested Development, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and Louie is not only obvious, but, more tellingly, manifests itself in many ways. Politically Incorrect's serious but humorous take on topical and political issues paved the way for the Daily Show's take on Saturday Night Live's 'Weekend Update' skits: not just the most obvious of jokes (and Jon Stewart, with his excessive reliance on facial gestures and yelling, is more predictable than most admit), but also pointed commentary and at least signs pointing viewers to where they could get insightful analysis. The Simpsons obviously led to Family Guy (hardly something to be proud of) but its anti-realist, awkward, over-loaded use of references, obscure or not, in the the characters' dialogue was directly copied by 30 Rock and a host of other shows. Cops is a pioneering "reality" show—and, to date, the only relevant one. Since all of the late-night talk shows, besides The Daily Show and The Colbert Report, follow the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson set-up, The Larry Sanders Show warrants more serious consideration. David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, and Jimmy Kimmel already offer quite a "meta" approach to the genre, so why not go all the way? (The Colbert Report in its host being a quasi-fictional character, expands upon the 'Weekend Update' template in a way more impressive aesthetically and certainly more significant to the history of comedy than The Daily Show). As for television drama series being more cinematic in scope and technique, China Beach, Twin Peaks, The X-Files, and Homicide, despite difficulties experienced in maintaining a consistent level of quality amid commercial pressures, clearly gave young filmmakers a sign that television was no longer merely crowded with the second-rate. And of course there's the Homicide-Wire connection. Network television, with the exception of P B S, went into a tailspin decline in the later half of the '90's and the early Aughts. H B O (Mr. Show, The Sopranos, The Wire), Comedy Central (South Park, Strangers With Candy), and others (Ricky Gervais, Adult Swim) picked up the slack. Of shows premiering in the years, 1994-2004, three of them (South Park, The Wire, and Arrested Development) have arguably had a greater influence than the current "golden age" programs, so historically what's really happening here? A lot of talented, but not brilliant, copycats? 30 October The third edition of A Guide to Oriental Classics [1989], edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Ainslie Embree, and Amy Vladeck Heinrich, and "prepared by the staff of the Committee on Oriental Studies, Columbia University," offers another Columbia-related list of classics, except in this case Eastern classics. Indeed, the Guide to Oriental Classics grew out of a counterpart to the "great books" classes: namely, the Oriental Humanities course; according to the book's Introduction, "the assumptions of this course, inherited from the parent Humanities course in the Western tradition, have been basically two: that there were certain great works of intellectual and artistic achievement in the Oriental world which any educated person, whatever his own field of specialization, ought to have read; and that these books could be understood and appreciated without prior initiation into the complexities of scholarly research in each field." That is, the same approach used in the "great books" courses and reading plans—scholars from different disciplines making literature accessible to a general public not devoted to those disciplines—applies here, except of course that the East doesn't diametrically correspond to the West'. Ideally, over time, the Islamic Tradition ('Near East' perhaps) will be understood better as the link between the Orient and the Occident, while the Buddhist, Hindu, and Chinese realms can be given their proper, distinct place, interacting of course with other Indian as well as Korean and Japanese (and Indonesian, and other Asian/ Pacific) traditions. The Guide provides lists of complete and partial translations of each work, and secondary readings on the work, as well as some Topics for Discussion. Each of the four traditions begins with a General Works section listing bibliographies and secondary works about the tradition generally. A few chapters deal with areas of literature so broad that they cannot even count as indeterminate selections for our project. They tend to list secondary works first, followed by the literary works, usually anthologies. Those chapters are: 'Supplementary Readings on Indian Buddhism'; 'Sanskrit Lyric Poetry'; 'Indian Devotional Poetry'; 'Indo-Islamic Poetry'; 'Supplementary Readings on Chinese Buddhism'; 'Chinese Drama'; 'Chinese Poets and Poetry' and 'Supplementary Readings on Japanese Buddhism'. 'Three Hundred Tang Poems' from the Chinese poetry chapter has been included; this is just one example of how this list could expand in the future. The 'Chinese Drama' chapter includes several anthologies that obviously consist of monographical works. Classics of the Islamic Tradition: The Seven Odes (Al-Muʼallaqāt) The Quʼrān (Al-Quʼrān) The Ring of the Dove (Ṭawq al-Ḥamāma), by Ibn Ḥazm (994-1064) The Maqāmāt of al-Hamadhānī (Maqāmāt al-Hamadhānī) (968-1008) The Assemblies of al-Ḥarīrī (Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī) (1054-1122) The Thousand and One Nights (Alf Layla wa-Layla) Deliverance From Error (Al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl), by al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) On the Harmony of Religoin and Philosophy (Kitāb faṣl al-Maqāl), by Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126-1198) The Conference of the Birds, by Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār (ca. 1142-ca. 1220) The Mystical Poetry of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (1207-1273) The Prolegomena (Al-Muqaddima) of Ibn Khaldūn (1332-1406) The Shāhnāma The Rubāʼiyyāt of ʻUmar Khayyām (eleventh century) The Book of Dede Korkut (Kitab-i Dede Korkut) The Mystical Poetry of Yunus Emre (d. ca. 1320) Leylā and Mejnūn, by Fuzūlī (ca. 1495-1556) Classics of the Indian Tradition: The Vedas Upanishads (ca. 900-500 B C) Mahābhārata (ca. fifth century B C-fourth century C E) Bhagavadgītā (ca. 100 B C-A D 100) Rāmāyana of Vālmīki (ca. 200 B C) Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali (ca. A D 300) The Vedānta Sūtra with the Commentary of Shankārāchārya (ca. 780-820) Theravāda Buddhism: The Tipiṭaka Theravāda Buddhism: The Dhammapada (ca. 300 B C) Theravāda Buddhism: The Milindapañhā (ca. first century C E) Theravāda Buddhism: The Mahāsatipaṭṭhana Sutta Mahāyāna Buddhism: Prajñāpāramitā (ca. 100 B C-A D 400) Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Śrīmālādevisimhanāda Sūtra Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Sukhavativyūha Sūtras [Infinite Life Sutra and Amitābha Sutra] Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Bodhicaryāvatāra of Shāntideva Shakuntalā (Abhijñānaśakuntalā) of Kālidāsa (ca. 400) The Little Clay Cart (Mṙrcchakaṭika) of Shūdraka (ca. 400) Pañcatantra (ca. 200 B C) According to Pūrṇabhadra (ca. 1199) Gītagovinda of Jayadeva (ca. twelfth century) Kālidāsa's Meghadūta (The Cloud Messenger) Bhartṙihari's Śatakatraya: Nīti, Śrñgāra, Vairāgya Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) [incl. Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore [incl. The Crescent Moon; The Gardener; Sacrifice; The Post Office [1912]; Chitra [1913]; Fruit-Gathering; Stray Birds; The Cycle of Spring; The Fugitive among other works]] Autobiography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) Classics of the Chinese Tradition: The Analects (Lun-yü) of Confucius (551-479 B C) Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti Lao Tzu, or Tao-te Ching Chuang Tzu Mencius (Meng Tzu, 372-289 B C) The Great Learning (Ta-hsüeh) The Mean (Chung-yung) Hsün Tzu, or Hsün Ch'ing Han Fei Tzu Records of the Historian: The Shih chi of Ssu-ma Chʼien (ca. 145-ca. 90 B C) Texts of Chinese Buddhism: The Lotus Sūtra (Saddharma Pundarīka Sutra, or Miao-fa Lien-hua Ching) The Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Sūtra (Wei-mo-chieh so-shuo ching) The Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna (Ta-chʼeng chʼin-hsin lun) Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch (Liu-tsu tʼan ching) The Record of Lin-chi (d. 866) Works of Chu Hsi (1130-1200) Works of Wang Yang-ming (1472-1529) [incl. Instructions for Practical Living; Inquiry on the Great Learning] -- The Water Margin, or All Men Are Brothers (Shui-hu chuan) Journey to the West, or Monkey (Hsi-yu Chi) by Wu Chʼeng-en (ca. 1506-1581) The Golden Lotus (Chin Pʼing Mei) Dream of the Red Chamber (Hung-lou meng), by Tsʼao Hsüeh-ch'in (Tsʼao Chan, d. 1763) The Book of Songs (Shih ching) The Songs of the South (Chʼu Tzʼu) by Chʼu Yuan and Other Poets Three Hundred Tang Poems Classics of the Japanese Tradition: Man'yōshū Court Poetry: The Kokinshū and other Imperial Anthologies The Pillow Book (Makura no sōshi) of Sei Shōnagon The Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari) by Murasaki Shikibu Poetic Diaries and Poem Tales [incl. The Diary of Murasaki Shikibu; The Confessions of Lady Nijo; The Emperor Horikawa Diary; Izumi Shikibu Diary; Tosa Diary; Sarashina Nikki (As I Crossed the Bridge of Dreams); Kagero Nikki; Yamato Monogatori] Texts of Japanese Buddhism: Writings of Kūkai (Kōbō Daishi, 774-835) [incl The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan, edited by Wm. de Bary; Kūkai: Major Works, translated with an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought, edited, translated, and written by Yoshito Hakeda] Writings of Buddhist Masters of the Kamakura Period [incl. Genshin - Ōjōyōshū; Shinran - Tannishō; The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan, edited by Wm. de Bary; The Major Writings of Nichiren Daishōnin, by the Gosho Translation Committee; Dōgen - Shobōgenzō zuimonki] Writings of the Zen Master Hakuin (1686-1769) [incl. Orategama; Wild Ivy (Itsumadegusa)] -- An Account of My Hut (Hōjōki) by Kamo no Chōmei (1153-1236) Essays in Idleness (Tsurezuregusa) by Yoshida Kenkō (1283-1350) The Tale of the Heike (Heiki monogatari) The Nō Plays [incl. Twenty Plays of the Nō Theatre, edited by Donald Keene; Japanese Noh Dramas, edited by Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai; Le Nō, translated by Noël Peri; The Old Pine Tree and Other Noh Plays, translated by Ueda Makoto; The Nō Plays of Japan, translated by Arthur Waley] The Fiction of Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693) [incl. Kōshoku gonin onna (Five Women Who Loved Love); Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century; 'Saikaku's Parting Gift: Translations From Saikaku Okimiyage', by Robert Leutner, Monumenta Nipponica; The Life of an Amorous Woman and Other Writings, translated by Ivan Morris; Some Final Words of Advice; The Japanese Family Storehouse (Nihon Eitagura); or, The Millionaries' Gospel Modernised; This Scheming World] The Poetry and Prose of Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694) [incl. An Introduction to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets From Bashō to Shiki; Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century; Oku no hosomichi (Narrow Road Through the Provinces)] The Plays of Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1725) [incl. Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century; Major Plays of Chikamatsu; 'A Chronicle of Great Peace Played Out on a Chessboard: Goban Taiheiki', by Jacqueline Mueller, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies; The Love Suicide at Amijima, translated by Donald H Shively] The Treasure of Loyal Retainers (Chūshingura, ca. 1748), by Takeda Izumo, Miyoshi Shōraku, and Namiki Senryū Kokoro, by Natsume Sōseki (1867-1914) 31 October A chronological list of albums I've added to the list of albums made from, first, critics' lists; second, non-compilation best sellers. The 23 February post was a chronological version of the list of the albums from those two groupings, plus a few that I added that seemed like logical extensions or obvious omissions. However, I've moved those added albums into this list, so that the resulting dual informal canons are demarcated clearer: one consisting of best sellers and entrants in the critics' lists, the other my own selections based initially on lower-rung artists in those critics' lists and best-selling artists whose highest-selling albums are compilations, and ultimately on my interpretation of music history. I've made even more additions, indicated by asterisks. 1950 Les Paul/ Mary Ford - The New Sound* 1952 Duke Ellington - Ellington Uptown Hank Williams - Hank Williams Sings* Hank Williams - Moanin' the Blues* 1953 Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love* Eartha Kitt - That Bad Eartha* 1955 Fats Domino - Carry On Rockin' Doris Day - Love Me or Leave Me* 1956 Harry Belafonte - Calypso Duke Ellington - Ellington at Newport Peggy Lee - Black Coffee* Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers Mel Tormé and the Marty Paich Dek-Tette* Dinah Washington - In the Land of Hi-Fi* 1957 The Crickets - The "Chirping" Crickets Bing Crosby - Bing With a Beat* Fats Domino - This Is Fats Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers and Hart Song Book Anita O'Day - Anita Sings the Most* Little Richard - Here's Little Richard Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads Sarah Vaughn - At Mister Kelly's* The Weavers at Carnegie Hall 1958 Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book Buddy Holly - Buddy Holly 1959 Harry Belafonte - Belafonte at Carnegie Hall Tony Bennett/ Count Basie and His Orchestra - In Person! Tony Bennett/ Count Basie and His Orchestra - Bennett and Basie Strike Up the Band Bo Diddley - Go Bo Diddley Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book Nina Simone at Town Hall* 1960 Joan Baez - Joan Baez Bo Diddley - Have Guitar Will Travel Muddy Waters - At Newport 1960 1961 Joan Baez - Vol. 2 Patsy Cline - Showcase Etta James - At Last! The Miracles - Hi... We're the Miracles 1962 Joan Baez - In Concert Tony Bennett - I Left My Heart in San Francisco Booker T and the M G's - Green Onions Ray Charles - Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music 1963 Joan Baez - In Concert Part 2 The Beatles - Please Please Me The Beatles - With the Beatles Tony Bennett - I Wanna Be Around... Bob Dylan - The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan The Impressions - The Impressions Barbara Streisand - The Barbara Streisand Album 1964 The Beatles - A Hard Day's Night The Beatles - Beatles for Sale Etta James - Etta James Rocks the House Dusty Springfield - Stay Awhile/ I Only Want to Be With You Barbara Streisand - People 1965 The Beach Boys - Today! The Byrds - Turn! Turn! Turn! Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West John Coltrane - A Love Supreme B B King - Live at the Regal Smokey Robinson and the Miracles - Going to a Go-Go The Temptations Sing Smokey The Who - My Generation 1966 The Monks - Black Monk Time* Simon and Garfunkel - Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme The Thirteenth Floor Elevators - The Psychedelic Sounds of the Thirteenth Floor Elevators The Mothers of Invention - Freak Out! 1967 Cream - Disraeli Gears Duke Ellington - The Far East Suite John Fahey - Blind Joe Death The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Axis: Bold as Love Jefferson Airplane - Surrealistic Pillow The Kinks - Something Else by the Kinks Loretta Lynn - Don't Come a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) Moby Grape - Moby Grape Fred Neil - Fred Neil Smokey Robinson and the Miracles - Make It Happen The Moody Blues - Days of Future Passed Pink Floyd - The Piper at the Gates of Dawn* The Supremes - The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland The Temptations - The Temptations With a Lot 'o Soul The Thirteenth Floor Elevators - Easter Everywhere Ike and Tina Turner - River Deep - Mountain High* 1968 James Brown - Live at the Apollo, Volume II The Byrds - The Notorious Byrd Brothers Johnny Cash - At Folsom Prison Leonard Cohen - Songs of Leonard Cohen The Grateful Dead - Anthem of the Sun Etta James - Tell Mama The Kinks - The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society The Moody Blues - In Search of the Lost Chord Os Mutantes - Os Mutantes* Dolly Parton - Just Because I'm a Woman The Soft Machine Traffic The Velvet Underground - White Light/ White Heat* Frank Zappa - Lumpy Gravy 1969 The Allman Brothers Band - The Allman Brothers Band Captain Beefheart and His Magic Band - Trout Mask Replica Johnny Cash - At San Quentin Leonard Cohen - Songs From a Room Creedence Clearwater Revival - Bayou Country Creedence Clearwater Revival - Green River Creedence Clearwater Revival - Willy and the Poor Boys Derek and the Dominoes - Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs Fairport Convention - Unhalfbricking The Grateful Dead - Live/ Dead The Flying Burrito Bros. - The Gilded Palace of Sin Merle Haggard - A Portrait of Merle Haggard Isaac Hayes - Hot Buttered Soul Jefferson Airplane - Volunteers King Crimson - In the Court of the Crimson King The Moody Blues - On the Threshold of a Dream Sly and the Family Stone - Stand! Dusty Springfield - Dusty in Memphis The Temptation - Cloud Nine Scott Walker - Scott 3 Noel Scott Engel - Scott 4 The Who - Tommy Frank Zappa - Hot Rats 1970 The Allman Brothers Band - Idlewild South Black Sabbath - Paranoid Chicago - Chicago [II] Creedence Clearwater Revival - Cosmo's Factory Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young - Déjà Vu Deep Purple - Deep Purple in Rock Lee Dorsey - Yes We Can The Grateful Dead - Workingman's Dead The Grateful Dead - American Beauty Elton John - Tumbleweed Connection The Kinks - Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) Loretta Lynn - Coal Miner's Daughter Curtis Mayfield - Curtis The M C 5 - Back in the U S A Yoko Ono/ Plastic Ono Band - Yoko Ono/ Plastic Ono Band* Santana - Abraxas The Soft Machine - Third Rod Stewart - Gasoline Alley James Taylor - Sweet Baby James T Rex - T Rex The Velvet Underground - Loaded* 1971 The Allman Brothers Band - Live at Fillmore East Black Sabbath - Master of Reality Booker T and the M G's - Melting Pot Can - Tago Mago* Leonard Cohen - Songs of Love and Hate Shirley Collins and the Albion Country Band - No Roses Deep Purple - Fireball The Doors - L A Women John Fahey - America Faust - Faust* Funkadelic - Maggot Brain Merle Haggard - Hag Isaac Hayes - Black Moses Jethro Tull - Aqualung Elton John - Madman Across the Water Harry Nilsson - Nilsson Schmilsson Dolly Parton - Coat of Many Colors Rod Stewart - Every Picture Tells a Story The Temptations - Sky's the Limit T Rex - Electric Warrior Traffic - The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys Caetano Veloso - Caetano Veloso* Yes - Fragile 1972 The Allman Brothers Band - Eat a Peach The Carpenters - A Song for You Deep Purple - Machine Head John Denver - Rocky Mountain High Neil Diamond - Hot August Night The Doobie Brothers - Toulouse Street The Grateful Dead - Europe '72 Al Green - Let's Stay Together Jethro Tull - Thick as a Brick Curtis Mayfield - Superfly Neu! - Neu Roxy Music - Roxy Music Steely Dan - Can't Buy a Thrill The Temptations - All Directions T Rex - Slider Bobby Womack - Understanding Stevie Wonder - Talking Book Yes - Close to the Edge 1973 Big Star - Radio City Black Sabbath - Sabbath Bloody Sabbath James Brown - The Payback Alice Cooper - BIllion Dollar Babies The Doobie Brothers - The Captain and Me Eno - Here Come the Warm Jets Genesis - Selling England by the Pound Al Green - Call Me Herbie Hancock - Head Hunters Waylon Jennings - Honky Tonk Heroes Elton John - Goodbye Yellow Brick Road King Crimson - Larks' Tongue in Aspic Lynyrd Skynyrd - Pronounced Leh-Nerd Skin-Nerd The New York Dolls - The New York Dolls Roxy Music - For Your Pleasure Bobby Womack - Facts of Life Iggy and the Stooges - Raw Power The Wailers - Burnin' The Who - Quadrophenia Stevie Wonder - Innervisions Zappa/ Mothers - Over-Nite Sensation Z Z Top - Tres Hombres 1974 John Cale - Fear* Eric Clapton - 461 Ocean Boulevard Cluster - Zuckerweit* John Denver - Back Home Again Eno - Taking Tiger Mountain (by Strategy) Genesis - The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway Lynyrd Skynyrd - Second Helping Bob Marley and the Wailers - Natty Dread Queen - Sheer Heart Attack Gram Parsons - Grievous Angel Linda Ronstadt - Heart Like a Wheel Roxy Music - Country Life Steely Dan - Pretzel Logic Robert Wyatt - Rock Bottom* 1975 Aerosmith - Toys in the Attic Joan Baez - Diamonds and Rust The Bee Gees - Main Course Alice Cooper - Welcome to My Nightmare Bob Dylan - Blood on the Tracks Earth, Wind and Fire - That's the Way of the World Eno - Another Green World Brian Eno - Discreet Music Waylon Jennings - Dreaming My Dreams Elton John - Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Kiss - Alive! Mannheim Steamroller - Fresh Aire Curtis Mayfield - There's No Place Like America Today Queen - A Night at the Opera Parliament - Mothership Conection Pink Floyd - Wish You Were Here Smokey Robinson - A Quiet Storm Roxy Music - Siren Paul Simon - Still Crazy After All These Years Bruce Springsteen - Born to Run Neil Young - Tonight's the Night 1976 ABBA - Arrival Aerosmith - Rocks The Bee Gees - Children of the World Heart - Heart Kiss - Destroyer Bob Marley and the Wailers - Rastoman Vibration The Steve Miller Band - Fly Like an Eagle The Modern Lovers - The Modern Lovers Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band - Night Moves Rod Stewart - A Night on the Town The Upsetters - Scatch the Super Ape* Frank Zappa - Zoot Allures 1977 David Bowie - Low Jimmy Buffett - Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes Ian Dury - New Boots and Panties!! Barry Manilow - Live Bob Marley and the Wailers - Exodus Giorgio Moroder - From Here to Eternity Augustus Pablo - East of the River Nile Augustus Pablo - King Tubby Meets the Rockers Uptown Iggy Pop - The Idiot Linda Ronstadt - Simple Dreams Suicide Talking Heads - 77 Muddy Waters - Hard Again Wire - Pink Flag* 1978 Big Star - Third The Cars - The Cars Chic - C'Est Chique Eric Clapton - Slowhand Funkadelic - One Nation Under a Groove Judas Priest - Stained Class Dolly Parton - Heartbreaker Pere Ubu - The Modern Dance* The Plastic People of the Universe - Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned* Kenny Rogers - The Gambler Siouxsie and the Banshees - The Scream Talking Heads - More Songs About Buildings and Food Wire - Chairs Missing* 1979 A C/ D C - Highway to Hell Chic - Risqué Gang of Four - Entertainment! Motörhead - Overkill Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers - Damn the Torpedoes The Pretenders - The Pretenders Public Image Ltd. - Metal Box The Raincoats - The Raincoats The Specials - The Specials Talking Heads - Fear of Music Throbbing Gristle - Throbbing Gristle Bring You 20 Jazz Funk Greats* Wire - 154* Z Z Top - Degüello 1980 Peter Gabriel - Peter Gabriel Japan - Gentlemen Take Polaroids Judas Priest - British Steel Motörhead - Ace of Spades Ozzy Osbourne - Blizzard of Ozz R E O Speedwagon - Hi Infidelity Diana Ross - diana The Soft Boys - Underwater Moonlight Bruce Springsteen - The River Suicide - Alan Vega/Martin Rev Talking Heads - Remain in Light 1981 Black Flag - Damaged* Duran Duran - Duran Duran Echo and the Bunnymen - Heaven Up Here Foreigner - 4 The Human League - Dare Japan - Tin Drum Journey - Escape The Raincoats - Odyshape Rush - Moving Pictures Siouxsie and the Banshees - Juju This Heat - Deceit* Luther Vandross - Never Too Much 1982 Alabama - Mountain Music The Cure - Pornography Dexys Midnight Runners - Too-Rye-Ay Duran Duran - Rio The Fall - Hex Enduction Hour Peter Gabriel - Peter Gabriel Night Ranger - Midnight Madness* George Strait - Strait From the Heart 1983 Minor Threat - Out of Step New Order - Power, Corruption and Lies* The Police - Synchronicity R E M - Murmur 1984 Robyn Hitchcock - I Often Dream of Trains Hüsker Dü - Zen Arcade The Minutemen - Double Nickels on the Dime The Pretenders - Learning to Crawl Sade - Diamond Life 1985 Kate Bush - Hounds of Love The Cure - The Head on the Door Dire Straits - Brothers in Arms The Fall - This Nation's Saving Grace Robyn Hitchcock and the Egyptians - Fegmania! Hüsker Dü - New Day Rising Hüsker Dü - Flip Your Wig John Cougar Mellencamp - Scarecrow Tom Waits - Rain Dogs 1986 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Your Funeral... My Trial Peter Gabriel - Peter Gabriel Run-D M C - Raising Hell Sonic Youth - Evol* 1987 Mötley Crüe - Girls, Girls, Girls Pet Shop Boys - Actually Swans - Children of God 1988 Youssou N'Dour - Immigrés Enya - Watermark Sonic Youth - Daydream Nation 1989 Galaxie 500 - On Fire* Mötley Crüe - Dr. Feelgood Tom Petty - Full Moon Fever Sepultura - Arise 1990 Depeche Mode - Violator Youssou N'Dour - Set Sun City Girls - Torch of the Mystics* 1991 My Bloody Valentine - Loveless Slint - Spiderland* 1993 The Wu-Tang Clan - Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)* 1994 Guided by Voices - Bee Thousand* 1995 Björk - Post* Pulp - Different Class Scott Walker - Tilt 1996 Beck - Odelay* Stereolab - Emperor Tomato Ketchup* Swans - Soundtracks for the Blind Underworld - Second Toughest in the Infants* 1998 Boredoms - Super æ* Neutral Milk Hotel - In the Aeroplane Over the Sea* 1999 Bonnie 'Prince' Billy - I See a Darkness* 2001 Jay-Z - The Blueprint* 2002 Wilco - Yankee Hotel Foxtrot* 2006 Joanna Newsom - Ys* 2007 Vic Chesnutt - North Star Deserter* 2009 Animal Collective - Merriweather Post Pavilion* 2012 Beefheart - Bat Chain Puller